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[历史学]

StudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStatehavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStates,theyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas“solitary”and“individualtheorists”wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFalls,NewYork,in1848.Thus,acompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.

TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhas,however,beenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hence,byignoringitsfeminism,EuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.Moreover,sincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtosaint-simonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.

Saint-Simon’sfollowers,manyofwhomwerewomen,basedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamale,torepresentreflection,andafemale,torepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthat,whiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,theyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia.

OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievethatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacter,andtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthought,however,wasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.

1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsiderthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUnitedStatesas“solitary”tobe

[A]insufficientlyfamiliarwiththeinternationaloriginsofnineteenth-centuryAmericanfeministthought.

[B]overlyconcernedwiththeregionaldiversityoffeministideasintheperiodbefore1848.

[C]notfocusednarrowlyenoughintheirgeographicalscope.

[D]insufficientlyawareoftheideologicalconsequencesoftheSenecaFallsconference.

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardEuropeanhistorianswhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof

[A]approvalofthespecificfocusoftheirresearch.

[B]disapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontotheissuethatabsorbedmostoftheSaint-Simonians’energyafter1832.

[C]approvaloftheirgeneralfocusonsocialconditions.

[D]disapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontolinksbetweentheSaint-SimoniansandtheirAmericancounterparts.

3.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheSaint-SimoniansEXCEPT

[A]Thegroupincludedmanywomenamongitsmembers.

[B]Thegroupbelievedinaworldthatwouldbecharacterizedbysexualequality.

[C]ThegroupwasamongtheearliestEuropeansocialistgroups.

[D]Mostmembersbelievedthatwomenandmenwereinherentlysimilarinabilityandcharacter.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheSaint-Simoniansenvisionedautopiansocietyhavingwhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?

[A]Itwouldbeworldwide.

[B]Itwouldemphasizedogmaticreligiousprinciples.

[C]ItwouldmostinfluencetheUnitedStates.

[D]Itwouldhavearmiescomposedofwomenratherthanofmen.

5.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostaccuratedescriptionofthesocietyenvisionedbymostSaint-Simonians?

[A]Asocietyinwhichwomenwerehighlyregardedfortheirextensiveeducation.

[B]Asocietyinwhichthetwogendersplayedcomplementaryrolesandhadequalstatus.

[C]Asocietyinwhichwomendidnotenterpubliclife.

[D]Asocialorderinwhichabodyofmenandwomenwouldruletogetheronthebasisoftheirspiritualpower.