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SAMPLE25

[动物学类]

Investigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys’aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,and,ingeneral,attimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintragroupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinteranimalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression.Whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorder,inthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith

[A]advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior.

[B]comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys.

[C]explainingthereasonsforresearcher’sinterestinmonkey’ssocialbehavior.

[D]discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthetextabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

[A]Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

[B]Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

[C]Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreaseamongmonkeysinthewild.

[D]Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

3.Thetextsuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys’socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause

[A]aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys.

[B]successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup.

[C]situationthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory.

[D]mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulses.

4.Thetextsuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

[A]Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintragroupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

[B]Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

[C]Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

[D]Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraph?

[A]Ahypothesisisexplainedandcounterevidenceisdescribed.

[B]Atheoryisadvancedandspecificevidencesupportingitiscited.

[C]Fieldobservationsaredescribedandaconclusionabouttheirsignificanceisdrawn.

[D]Twotheoriesareexplainedandevidencesupportingeachofthemisdetailed.