3)"have gone to +地点名词"或"have gone + 表位置的副词"其含义是"到某地去了"(人已不在此地)，注意：这种结构不用于第一人称，也不用于第二人称，它仅用于第三人称。请看下面一段对话：

A: Where's Tom?

B: He's gone to the shop.

A: Has Mary gone there with him?

B: No, she hasn't.

A：汤姆在哪里?

B：他到商店去了。

A：玛丽跟他去了吗?

B：没有。

2. Businessmen are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. 生意人害怕报纸和电台。

be afraid of… 意思是"害怕……"。afraid是形容词，在句中只能作表语，后跟名词或动词的-ing形式(指自己不能决定而突然发生的事)，与frightened的意思相同。be afraid后也可跟动词不定式表示"害怕做某事"即：be afraid to do sth.。另外，afraid后还可跟that引导的宾语从句，意思是"担心，恐怕"。例如：

(1)I am afraid of mice. 我害怕老鼠。

(2)Don't be afraid of making mistakes. 不要怕犯错误。

(3)I'm afraid to tell her the truth. 我不敢告诉她真相。

(4)I am afraid you are ill. 恐怕你是病了。

(5 )I'm afraid (that) we may not catch the train. 我担心我们可能赶不上火车。

3. As soon as other people hear it, they go out with their rubbish and throw it in.

当人们一听到它，他们就出来把垃圾扔进去。

as soon as -……就……，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作紧跟从句的动作发生。必须注意 as soon as possible(one can)，它表示"尽可能快地"。

【例】

(1)He'll write to me as soon as he gets to Beijing.

他一到北京就会给我写信。

(2)You should do your work as soon as possible.

你应尽快地做事。

4. … taking care of our environment is very important. 保护好我们的环境是非常重要的。

(1) take care of保护，照顾，保管。如：

Please take good care of your books. 请保管好你们的书。

Can you take care of my baby while I'm away? 我出去时你能为我照顾我的孩子吗?

(2) "Taking care of our environment" 在这里是动名词短语作主语。也可以说： It's very important to take care of our environment.

5.It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy. 保持我们的环境干净整洁是我们的责任。

(1)it在这里是形式主语，真正的主语是"to keep our environment clean and tidy"

又如：It's a pleasant way to help keep our city clean.

(2)keen后面可跟带现在分词的复合结构。如：

He kept me waiting for a long time yesterday.他昨天让我等了很长时间。

keep后面也可跟带形容词的复合结构。如：

You should take more exercise to keep you healthy.你应该多运动来保持健康。

6.If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 如果每人都对保护环境做出贡献，那么世界将变得更加美丽。

make a contribution to…意思是"对……做贡献，捐赠"。to是介词后跟名词或动词的-ing形式。例如：

(l)Thomas made a great contribution to the world.托马斯·爱迪生对世界做出了很大的贡献。

(2)It is our duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment.为环境保护做贡献是我们的责任。

make是英语中非常活跃的动词之一，和不同的词搭配具有不同的含义。又如：

make a face做鬼脸 make a living谋生

make a mistake犯错误 make friends with交朋友

make fun of开玩笑 make one's way挤出一条路

make room for让座 make up one's mind下决心

My friend Emma made fun of my job once time. She said that my job is rather making a living than career manage. I made up my mind to run my company successfully, which could make her realize she had made such a mistake. Then I made my way in mass society. I made good as a manager. I stay here and make sure that I have made a go of the business. I make of what Emma have done for me, luckily, I made friend with her.

7. The more trees, the better的结构

这里是"the more，the more…"句型表述结构，它的意思是"越多越好;越……，越……"。例如：

Start your work, the sooner, the better.

开始工作吧，越快越好。

The more I think of it, the happier I am.

我越想越高兴：

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

你越用功，进步就越大。

The longer we stayed there, the more we like the people there.

我们在那里呆得越久，越喜欢那里的人民。

注意：在"the more…，the more"这个句型中，"the"不能省略。

8.… need to do better in protecting the environment. 需要在保护环境方面做得更好。

do well in在某方面干得好。do better in在某方面干得更好。

在in后面加名词或动名词。例：

He does well in playing football.他足球踢得很好。

9.延续性动词与非延续性动词

(1) 延续性动词

表示动作能够持续发生一段时间的动词。如：

be, have, know, work, live, study, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等。

Miss Gao has been here since 7:00.

高小姐七点起就到这儿了。(此句中不能用arrived或come)

I have had the bike for five years.

这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。(不能用bought)