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When was it built-教案设计

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2011-05-30

13. Have you used / worn it a lot?

你经常用 / 穿吗?

这里的a lot相当于often,表示经常,在句中做状语录。另外,a lot常单独使用,成为句子的一个成分,在句中可作主语、宾语或状语,意思是“很多,非常”。例如:

(1) Thanks a lot (=very much)!(作状语)

多谢!

(2) We can learn a lot (=much) from the workers.

(作宾语)我们能从工人们那里学到很多东西。

(3) A lot (=much) has been done about the thing.

(作主语)关于这件事已经采取了许多措施。

(4) It is a lot (=much) colder today.

(作状语)今天冷多了。

教学建议

被动语态

本单元继续学习被动语态,我们已知道被动语态是由be + 过去分词构成。当不知道动作的执行者是谁或强调动作的承受者时,用被动语态。一般现在时的被动语态由is (am, are) + 过去分词构成,那么一般过去时态的被动语太就是was (were) 后加not。它的疑问形式一般是将was (were) 放在主语前。

构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词。

例如:The teaching building was built six years ago.

这座教学楼是八年前建的。

肯定句:The window was broken last night.

昨晚玻璃被打碎了。

否定句:The machine wasn’t used for cutting two years ago.

这机器两年前不是用来切东西的。

The paintings weren’t finished last year.

这些油画不是去年完成的。

一般疑问句:

Were the textbooks written in English in 1982?

这教材是在982年写的吗?

Yes, the were. / No, they weren’t.

是,是在1982年写的。/ 不,它们不是在1982年写的。

Was your school built in 1978?

你们学校是建于1978年吗?

Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.

是,它是1978年建的。/ 不,它不是1978年建的。

特殊疑问句:

When was this club founded?

俱乐部是什么时候成立的?

Where were those buses made?

这些汽车是在哪儿制造的?

[例]He saw here come out of the library.(改为被动语态)

误:She was seen come out of the library.

正:She was seen to come out of the library.

解析:凡主动语态的句子中有省去不定式符号to的不定式作宾语补足语,改为被动语态时,必须将不定式符号to加上,此时的不定式事实上是主语的补足语了。

被动语态的语法计时解

上一讲我们学了被动语态的一般现在时态概念、极成及其用法等。大家知道被动语态的结构是“be+及物动词的过去分词+其它”构成。被动语态的时态都是通过助动词be来体现的,即be是什么时态,该被动句就是什么时态。以动词do为例,就几种常见的时候列表如下:

时态

语态

一般现在时态

is / am / are don

一般过去时态

was / were done

一般将来时态

will be done

本期我们将学习更多时态的被动语态,如一般过去时的被动语态:

1.构成

由上表可知被动语态的一般过去式是was / were + 及物动词的过去分词构成。当主语是单数或不可数名词(代词)时,be用was;当主语是复数名词(代词)时,be用were。

2.用法

一般过去时态的被动语态主要指在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作。如:

All these things were bought by my mother yesterday.

所有这些东西都是我母亲昨天买的。

This kind of cup was used for drinking tea three hundred years ago.

三百年前这种茶杯是用来喝茶的。

主动变被动的特例

同学们都知道,只有带及物动词的句子才能由主动语态变成被动语态。但不是所有带宾语的动词都可以变成被动语态,请看下面几种不能变为被动语态的情况:

1.宾语是反身代词时。如:

He taught himself English.

不能变成:Himself was taught by him.

2.宾语是相互代词时。如:

They help each other. 不能变成:Each other is helped by them.

3.宾语为同源宾语时。如:

The Chinese people live a happy life. 不能变成:

A happy life is lived by the Chinese people.

4.宾语是不可分割的词组或短语时。如:

Li Lei often keeps his word. 不能变成:His word is often kept by Li Lei.

5.宾语是动词不定式或动词ing形式时。

We like singing. 一般不能变成:Singing is liked by us.

6.宾语起状语作用时。如:

She got to the school gate at 8. 不能变成:

The school gate was got to at 8 by her.

7.宾语是“身体的某一部分”或“感官”时。如:

We believe our eyes. 一般不能变成:

Our eyes are believed by us.

8.宾语是表示“某组织”的名词时。如:

He joined the League in 1999. 不能变成:

The League was joined by him in 1999.

有关被动语态的教学建议

在教学被动语态时教师应当考虑到这个语法项目对于初中学生而言是一个较难的知识点。教师应当有一定的思想准备。在教学过程 中应当设计一系列的语言素材进行机械操练,达到熟能生巧的效果。要求学生将教师所提供的句子变为被动句,反应要快,越快越好。如可以设计以下的训练模式:

T:I planted some trees yesterday.

S: Some trees were planted yesterday.

T: Some students cleaned the classroom yesterday.

S: The classroom was cleaned yesterday.

T: He washed some clothes last night.

S: Some clothes were washed last night.

教学建议

本单元关于听说读写的教学建议

★关于听力方面的练习:

对于短文的听力一直是困绕初中英语教学的一个难点,对于情景性较强的对话的听力教师教起来比较轻松,学生练起来也比较容易。而对于长文章的听力训练则显得有些力不从心。但是这正是我们教学中要解决的一个问题。在训练学生的对于短文的听力时,首先要告诉学生一些听短文的基本要领。如:

1. 要首先抓住文章的大意,抓住文章的主旨;

2. 在听的过程中一定要一句一句地听,而不要一个词一个词地听;

3. 遇到有听不懂的句子时,千万不要着急,耐心地往后听,这样会解决一些听的过程中的个别词语障碍的问题;

4. 听完以后可以尝试着进行一些复述练习,以巩固和强化听的效果。

在本单元中可以利用第38课这篇课文作为练习的材料。在进行听力训练之前,教师可以介绍一下与课文有关的背景知识,这样更有利于加强听力练习的实效性。

★关于口语方面的练习:

本单元中有两处较长的对话,37课和第40课。这两课教师应当充分利用作为口语训练的直接材料。教师在上口语课时,不应拘泥于课文本身所提供的语言素材。教材所提供的语言素材只是学生应当掌握的知识起点,而远非终点。所以教师在辅导学生进行口语练习时,应当鼓励学生大胆地就课文材料在进行机械操练的基础之上,进行创新。

★ 关于读写方面的练习:

本单元的阅读材料是一篇记叙文,其中贯穿着语法教学。第38课练习l可帮助学生对整篇文章有个完整的印象,并可借助回答这些问题来复述课文。在学生理解的基础上,教师帮助学生分析课文的写作特点,使学生对一般过去时被动语态在什么情况下使用有初步的认识,并为第40课的写作练习做好铺垫。

第40课有一个要求学生仿照范例写一篇短文的练习。在写的练习前,特意设计了Ask and answer 的练习。练习中的8个问题存在着内容上的联系,含有“信息沟”,学生们通过问答来获取完成笔头练习所必需的信息。因为笔头练习的内容和所需运用的语言结构都与本单元前几课紧密相关。所以在充分学好前几课的基础下写好这篇短文并不困难。

教师在呈现这8个问题时,可使用投影片。教师说物品的名词,如:a watch,然后要求学生回答问题。每次呈现投影片中的l道问题,遮住其他问题。学生先口头回答1-2组问题,并分别将这些问题的回答口头串成一篇短文。教师可提供一些词语,如: metal, glass, cotton, street marker, shop等。在学生口头练习基本熟练的情况下,再要求他们笔头完成课堂

练习。教师亦可将范文作为听写练习的材料。在课本提供的8个物品名词中,必会词为:watch, radio, computer其余可作为学生了解的词语。

教学建议

关于一般过去时被动语态的教学建议

本单元的语法重点是一般过去时被动语态。第9单元已经教学了一般现在时被动语态,所以本单元语法教学应将复习与教新课相结合。

教师先依次出示画有cotton, jacket, wool, coats, thermos图案的卡片,复习一般现在时的被动语态,引出下列对话:

1. T: Whats this?

Ss: Its cotton.

T: Wheres cotton grown?

Ss: Its grown in....

2. T: Is this a jacket?

Ss: Yes, it is.

T: Whats it made of?

Ss: I think its made of cotton.

3. T: Whats this?

Ss: Its wool.

T: Wheres it produced?

Ss: Its produced in/at . . ..

T: Whats (the) wool used for?

Ss: Its used for making sweaters or coats.

T: Look at these coats. Theyre made of wool.

4. T: Whats this?

Ss: It’s thermos.

T: Whats it made of?

Ss: The inside is made of glass and the outside is made of metal.(教师给予适当的提示)

T: Whats it used for?

Ss: Its used for keeping water hot.

为了降低难度,第4段对话也可先让学生仿照前三段对话来提问,教师来回答。然后交换。还可以在适当的时间让学生做group 或pair的连锁问答。

然后教师让学生阅读第38课。在阅读前,设置一些问题,使学生们带着问题有目的地进行快速阅读。

T: Now we are going to read a passage about a group of girls visiting a museum. After reading, youll have to tell me what the girls saw in the museum?

阅读完毕,教师将有关问题和学生们的回答板书在黑板上,一般过去时被动语态中was和were要彩笔标出。然后进行问答练习。

学生再次阅读第66课,要求他们找出上面对话练习中未涉及到的被动语态句子。如:

They were very interested in dinosaurs.

So these eggs were laid long long ago by dinosaurs!

It was discovered in Liaoning Province.

教师引导学生分析课文中哪些句子可改写成一般过去时被动语态。如:

Miss Li showed them a picture of the feathered dinosaur. →

They were showed a picture of the feathered dinosaur by Miss Li.

A picture of the feathered dinosaur was showed to them by Miss Li.

教学设计示例

Lesson 37

Period: The First Period

Content: Lesson 37

Properties: Recorder

Teaching Objectives:

1. Study the grammar: the Passive Voice in the past Simple Tense.

2. Learn some new words and useful expressions.

Language Focus:on show, hundreds of, invent / invention

Teaching Procedures:

Ⅰ. Organizing

Greetings and make a duty report.

Ⅱ. Revision

1. check the homework.

2. Revise the name of objects from the last unit and the Passive Voice: Whats it made of? Wheres it made? Whats it used for? etc.

Ⅲ. Presentation

Present the sentences:

Whats it made of?

Whats it used for?

Then present the sentences:

What was it made of?

What was it used for?

Ask students to compare with the groups sentences.

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