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 By the time I got outside the bus had already教案

一、学习目标(Language Goal)

1.Learn to narrate past events.学会描述过去所发生的事情。

2.Learn to express something with Past Perfect Tense. 学习使用过去完成时态。

3.Strengthen the consciousness of doing things regularly.做事加强连续性，有条不紊。

二、重点词组(Key phrases)

1.by the time 到…时候为 2.get outside 到外边

3.get to school 到学校 4.get up 起床

5.get into the shower 去洗澡 6.get home 到家

7.start doing / to do sth. 开始做某事 8.be late for 迟到

9.go off (闹钟)闹响 10.wake up 醒来

11.come out 出来，出现 12.run off 迅速离开，跑掉

13.on time 准时 14.in time 及时

15.come by (走)过来 16.give sb. a ride 让某人搭车

17.break down 损坏，坏掉 18.show up 出席，露面

19.stay up 熬夜 20.a costume party 一个化装舞会

21.sth. happen to sb. 某事发生在某人身上 22.so …that … 如此…以至于

23.set off 出发，开始 24.April Fool's Day 愚人节

25.get married 结婚 26.marry sb. 与某人结婚

27.both …and … 二者…都… 28.get dressed 穿好衣服29.on the first day 在第一天

三、[交际用语]

1.By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.

2.By the ti me she went outside, the bus had already gone

3.By the time she got to class, the teacher had already started teaching.

4.When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home

5.Have you ever overslept? 6.Have you ever been late for school?

四、[重点难点释义](Language Point s)

1.get to 意为“到达”。例如：When did you get there last night? 你昨晚什么时候到那儿的?

I get home at 7:00 every day. 我每天7:00到家。

When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.

我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。

辨析：get, arrive与reach

这三个词都可以用来表示“到达”，但是用法不同。

(1)get和arrive都是不及物动词，其后只能跟表示地点的副词，若是跟名词则须再加介词，即get to +地点名词，arrive in / at +地点名词(in 之后跟表示大地方的词，at之后跟表示小地方的词)。若是只说“到达”，而不指出到达哪里，则只能用arrive。例如：[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]

How did you get / arrive there? 你怎么到那儿的?

I got to / arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday. 我前天到的北京。

When do you often get to / arrive at school? 你经常什么时候到校?

When will you arrive? 你什么时候到?

(2)reach为及物动词，其后既可跟名词也可跟副词。例如：

I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.我前天到的北京。

We reached here on foot. 我们步行到这儿的。

3.I've never been late for school, but yesterday I came v ery close.

我上学从未迟到过，但是昨天差一点儿就迟到了。

(1)I've 是I have的缩写，have been late是现在完成时态，现在完成时是指一个动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去，而且对现在产生了一定的影响，其构成是have / has+动词过去分词。例如：

I have been here since 1999.自1999年以来我就在这儿。

We have lived in Jinan for 20 years. 我们已经在济南住了20年了。

She hasn't worked for 2 years 她已2年不工作了。

(2)be late for 意为“……迟到”，for为介词，所以其后须跟名词。例如：

Don't be late for the meeting. 开会别迟到了。

Jim was late for school again. 吉姆上学又迟到了。

Tom has been late for classes twice. 汤姆上课已经迟到两次了。

(3)close在此为副词“接近地，靠近地”。此外came very close意为“到时与迟到很接近”。

4.My alarm clock didn't go off, … 闹钟没有大响……

go off 意为“爆发，大响”。例如：

Although the alarm clock went off, he didn't w ake up.虽然闹钟大响，但是他还是没有醒来。

5.…and I had to wait for him to come out.……我不得不等他出来。

wait 是不及物动词“等待，等候”的意思。可以用于词组wait for sb.“等某人”，wait to do sth.“等着做某事”，wait for sb. to do sth.“等某人做某事”。例如：

Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

They can't wait to open the presents.他们迫不及待地打开礼物。

You can wait for him to help you.你可以等着他帮你。

6.Unfortunately, by the time I got there, the bus had already left.

不幸的是，我到那儿的时候，公交车已经走了。

unfortunately 是副词“不幸地”，是由fortunately加否定前缀“un”构成的。英语中有一部分词在词首或词尾加上前缀或后缀就可以变成另外一个词。如：lucky(幸运的)-unlucky(不幸的)，use(用)-useful(有用的)，forget(忘记)-forgetful(健忘的)，un作前缀表示“not”的含义，即“un”是一个否定前缀。例如：fit(合适的)-unfit(不合适的)，fair (公平的)-unfair(不公平的)，known(闻名的)-unknown(不闻名的)等。

7.Luckily, my friend Tony and his Dad came by in his Dad's car and they gave me a ride.

幸运的是，我的朋友托尼和他爸爸坐着他爸爸的车经过，他们让我搭了个便车。

(1)come by 意为“经过，走过;获得，获有”。例如：

Please let the car come by.请让车过去。

Good jobs are not easy to come by. 好工作不容易找到。[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]

(2)give sb. a ride 意为“让某人搭便车”。ride在此为名词“搭车，乘车”的意思。get a ride 意为“搭便车”。例如：

Can you give me a ride, Jack? 杰克，能让我搭个便车吗?

I want to get a ride. 我想搭个便车。

8.I only just made it to my class.我恰好到教室。

make it 意为“成功了，做成了”。这里指的是没有迟到，准时到达。例如：

-Have you got the job? -你得到那份工作了吗?

-Yes, I made it. -是的，我成功了。

9.Have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school?

你曾忘了把作业带到学校吗? 辨析：forget to do 与forget doing

forget to do 指的是“忘了去做……”，即该事还未做;而forget doing 则指“忘了做了……”，即该事已经做完。例如：

Don't forget to turn off lights when you go out. 出去时别忘了关灯。

Sorry, I forgot to bring the books again. 对不起，我又忘了带书来了。

10.What happened to David on April Fool's Day?

愚人节那天，大卫出什么事了吗?

(1)happen to sb. 意为“某人怎么了，发生在某人身上”。例如：

11.Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story, and panic set off across the whole country.

Welles 是如此地让人信任，以致于成百上千的人都相信了这个故事，进而激起了全国性的恐慌。

(1)So …that…句型中，so后面应加一个形容词或副词，意为“如此……以至于……”

e.g. This book is so interesting that everyone in our class wants to read it.

这本书是如此的有趣以至于全班同学都想看看。(so+形容词)

He ran so fa st that I couldn't catch up with him.

他跑得那么快，以致于我跟不上他。(so+副词)

So…that引导的是表示结果的状语从句，但不“一 定要死套”“如此……以至于”的模式来译成汉语。

e.g. It was so dark that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.

天太黑了，他不能看见同伴的脸。

(2)so that 主要用来引导目的状语从句。其从句中的谓语动词通常和can，may，should等情 态动词连用，而且主句和从句之间不使用逗号，意为“以便，使能够”。

e.g. They set out early so that they might arrive in time

他们早早地出发以便按时到达。

Let's take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.

我们坐在前排吧，以便可以看得更清楚。

(3)set off 意为“出发，开始;引爆;衬托”。例如：

They'll set off on a journey around the world.

他们将要出发环球旅行。

Use blue eye-shadow to set off your green eyes.

用蓝色眼影衬托你的绿眼睛。

12.…because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti.[来源:学科网ZXXK]

……因为生产意大利面条的农民停止了生产。[来源:Zxxk.Com]

13.She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married.

她震惊了，因为她的确想结婚。

(1)thrill为动词“震颤，使激动”，多用于被动语态be thrilled，表示“很感动，受到震颤的”。例如：[来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K]

We were thrilled with joy.我们高兴极了。

She was thrilled at the good news.她听到那个好消息很兴奋。

(3)marry为动词“嫁，娶，结婚”。表示“嫁给某人”或“娶了某人”都可以用marry sb.。

另外，词组get married 意为“结婚”，但这是一个非延续性动词，即它不能跟表示一段时间的词连用。be married 也可以用来表示“结婚”，它是一个延续性词组，可以与表示一段时间的词连用。例如：

John is going to marry Jane 约翰要和简结婚了。

Henry didn't marry until he was over fifty.亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。

五、语法知识

1.Past perfect Tense 过去完成时

构成：had+过去分词(had没有人称和数的变化)

过去完成时可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态。也就是说发生在“过去的过去”。既然过去完成时的动作发生在过去某一时间之前，那么，使用过去完成时就必须先有这样一个过去的时间。

e.g. I had finished my homework before supper. 我在晚饭前把作业做完了。

句中的supper既是过去某一时间，而had finished 这一动作就是在supper 之前完成的。如果只说I had finished my homework.听者会觉得难以理解。由此可见，过去完成时是个相对的时态，它不能离开过去的时间而独立存在。

e.g. By the end of that year Henry had collected more than one thousand foreign stamps.

到那年年底，亨利已经收集了一千多张外国邮票。( 过去时间是the end of that y ear)

e.g. When we got there, the football match had already started.

当我们到那里时，足球比赛已经开始了。(过去时间是when从句)

动词过去分词的构成与一般过去式的构成相似，一般情况下在动词词尾加-ed,特殊动词须特殊记忆,如：have—had—had，get—got—gotten，begin—began—begun，leave—left—left，go—went—gone等。例如：

She had learnt 2000 English words by the end of last month.

到上个月末，她已经学了2000个英语单词了。

I hadn't learnt Japanese before I went to Japan.

我去日本之前没学过日语。

注意：过去完成时的否定句和疑问句直接通过had的变化即可。

2.when 和by the time引导的时间状语从句

by the time 到……时候为止，指从 过去某一点到，从句所示的时间为止，这一时间段。when当……时候，指过去的某一时间点。从句用一般现在时，主句为过去完成时。

e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.

到她起床的时候，她的弟弟已经去洗澡间了。

By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone

到她走到外面的时候，公共汽车已经走了。

When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home

当她到学校的时候，她意识到她把书包放在家里了。

(在这 句话中，过去的时间点为“到校”的时候，“她把书包放在家里”则发生在“过去的过去”。)

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