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二.重点语法 (一)疑问词+不定式动词”结构英语有个很有用的结构,就是:

疑问词+不定式动词(question word+to-infinitive)。

疑问词是疑问代词“who,whom,what,which,whose”和疑问副词“when,where,how,why”。

此外,此外,连接词“whether”也适用。

例句:I don't know what totry next.I'm not sure what toexpect.

“疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种:

1.当主语,如:

When to hold themeeting has not yetbeen decided.Where to live is aproblem.

2.当宾语,如:

We must know what tosay at a meeting.

He could not tellwhom to trust.

Do you know how toplay bridge?

3.当补足语,如:

The problem is whereto find thefinancial aid.The question is whoto elect.

4.当名词同位语,如:

Tom had no ideawhich book to readfirst.

Do you have a roughimpression how to doit?

5.当宾语补足语,如:

Jim is not surewhose to choose.

Mary and John arenot certain whetherto get married ornot.

适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括:

“know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,hear,

imagine,inquire,learn,remember,think,wonder,understand”等。

值得特别注意的是:当这结构当宾语时,它的作用等于名词从句,例如:

I could not decidewhich dictonary tobuy.

=I could notdecide whichdictionary I shouldbuy.

Jack did not knowwhere to find such agood teacher.

=Jack did not knowwhere he could findsuch a good teacher.

有些动词,如“ask,show,tell,advise,inform,teach”等,

可以先有个宾语,然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如:

The chief engineershowed them how torepair the machine.

Have you told himwhere to get theapplication form?

综上所述,可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新,

既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构,可以多多运用。

(二)语从句(Attributive Clauses)

定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词叫先行词。

定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:

who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有:when,where,why等。

例如:I like music that Ican dance to.

I love singers whowrite their ownmusic.

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to seeyou? 他就是你想见的人吗?

(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。

(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

(2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:

They rushed over tohelp the man whosecar had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me thebook whose(ofwhich) cover isgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

(3)which,that 它们所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

A prosperity which/that had never beenseen before appearsin the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作主语)

The package (which/that)you arecarrying is aboutto come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。

(which/that在句中作宾语)

(1)when,where,why 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用,

例如: I still remember theday when (on which)I first came here.

我至今还记得我初来咋到的那一天.

Beijing is the placewhere (in which) Iwas born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reasonwhy (for which) herefused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

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