2.定语从句中的省略

1) 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如：

Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2)在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?

3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3.宾语从句中的省略

1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。

2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4.在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5.主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6.在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学? —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：

(You) Open the door,　please. 请开一下门。

2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：

a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：

a) (There is) No smoking.　禁止抽烟

b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ?

c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。

d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ?

3.省略宾语 如：

—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗?— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他

4.省略表语 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗?　Yes , I am (thirsty).　是的，我是。

5.同时省略几个成分 如：

a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。

b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合

1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)

b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)

b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).　她想来，可是她父母不让。

3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? 　     — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).　—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系，我很愿意。

4.不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1.主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2.作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to. 如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3.主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：