C

A deal has been signed to turn by-products from a Scottish distillery(酿酒厂)into fuel for cars.

In what is declared to be a world first, the Tullibardine distillery in Perthshire has linked up with a spin-out company from Napier University in Edinburgh. They plan to use bacteria to feed on the "leftovers" from the whisky(威士忌酒)making process. This will produce butanol which can be used to fuel vehicles.

More than 90% of the stuff that comes out of a whisky distillery is not whisky. It is leftovers like draff and pot ales(酒糟)— both produced in the early stages of the process. They are high in sugar and are currently used for things like fertiliser and cattle feed. Napier University's Biofuel Research Centre (BfRC) has already shown that the right bacteria can feed on those by-products to produce butanol—a direct replacement for vehicle fuel. Now the spin-out company, Celtic Renewables, and independent whisky producer Tullibardine have signed an agreement. Together they will apply the process to thousands of tons of the distillery's leftovers.

Professor Martin Tangney, founder of Celtic Renewables, said "Our partnership with Tullibardine is an important step in the development of a business which combines two important Scottish industries — whisky and renewables. This project shows that creative use of existing technologies can utilize resources on our doorstep to benefit both the environment and the economy."

Douglas Ross, managing director of Tullibardine, which spends £250,000 disposing of its by-products every year, said "We are delighted to be partnering Celtic Renewables in this creative business, the obvious benefits of which are environmental. It takes a cost to us and turns it into something that has social as well as commercial value."

The project is being supported by a grant(拨款) from the Scottish government's Zero Waste Scotland initiative. Celtic Renewables said it eventually aimed to build a processing plant in Scotland, with the hope of building an industry that could be worth ?0m .a year.

28. According to the passage, ______will be used to take the place of petrol.

A. whisky B. whisky leftovers C. butanol D. draff and pot ales

29. How do people deal with whisky leftovers at present?

A. They throw them away. B. They use them to feed people.

C. They use them to feed bacteria. D. They use them for crops or cattle.

30. What does the underlined word 搖tilize?in the fourth paragraph probably mean?

A. make use of. B. get rid of. C. use up. D. find out.

31. Which of ththe following categories does this passage belong to?

a. Health b. Science c. Food d. Nature e. Environment f. Business

A. b,c,e B. b,e,f C. a,b,f D. a,b,c

D

Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive(原始的)humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating(减轻)symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component(不可或缺的成分)of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were always used in combination with some form of ritual(礼仪)to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.

One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational(理性的)thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics(道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.

Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived(源自于) from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis(论点), On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.

32. The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.

A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 3 D. the last sentence

33. Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?

A. Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.

B. Because they had little knowledge about the body.

C. Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.

D. Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.

34. Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.

A. he was the forefather of modern medicine

B. experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him

C. he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts

D. experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived

35. All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.

A. helping patients

B. keeping oneself from harming patients

C. keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients

D. obeying rules for modern medicine practice