英语是世界上最广泛的第二语言，也是欧盟的，最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言，下面是阅读理解能力提升训练，请考生及时练习。

A

In simple words,secondhand smoke is smoke that a non-smoker breathes in from a smoker.Most of us know this as passive smoking.We see people who are very happy about the fact that they don’t smoke and how they have saved themselves from one of the most common and dangerous addictions.However,secondhand smoke is just as dangerous as active smoking.

Short term effects of smoking are usually observed in a few weeks of exposure to regular passive smoking.One of the earliest observed short term effects of smoking is that teeth will change color and the sense of smell reduces.That teeth change color is however observed only in active smokers.Due to chemicals that cause early aging,you might observe wrinkles as the initial sign.Your breath will smell due to the constant passing of smoke.It also affects eyes and they might water a lot along with frequent blinking (眨眼).Short term effects of smoking indicate that smoking is affecting your body.

A lot of long term effects of smoking in general are highly dangerous and may even result in death.One of the most noticeable dangers of secondhand smoke is that secondhand smokers can have cancers.Smoking causes not just one but many cancers including cancers of the kidney,nose,stomach and liver.

Secondhand smoke also has many effects on women who are in a family way.An expecting mother can pass on a lot of the poisonous particles to her unborn.

Lung diseases are again an outcome of secondhand smoke.If a person is continuously in company of a regular smoker,the smoke will have its effects on both.A lot of smokers suffer from some lung disease and it leads to difficulty in contraction (收缩) and expansion of lungs,which,in turn,eventually causes breathing problems.

Title Dangers of Secondhand Smoking 1.　　　 of

Secondhand Smoke Also called 2.　　　 smoke;it is smoke breathed in from a smoker. Short term effects ●Teeth’s changing color in 3.　　　 smokers

●The sense of smell reducing

●4.　　　 aging

●Breath’s smelling

●Eyes’ watering a lot with frequent blinking Long term effects ●Many long term effects of smoking are of high 5.　　　 and may even cause death.

●It can lead to the 6.　　　 of cancers,cancers of the kidney,nose,stomach and liver 7.　　　. Effects on

8.　　　 women An expecting mother can transmit many poisonous particles to her unborn. Causes of lung diseases A person 9.　　　 a regular smoker,the smoke will have its effects on both.It will at last bring about 10.　　　 problems.

B

(2014·安徽马鞍山第一次质检)

For years,researchers have looked into a possible relationship between heat and violence.There are conflicting results over whether there is an actual connection between rising anger and rising temperature,but the murder rate constantly increases during the months of July and August,according to the FBI’s annual crime report.

Many police chiefs say they put more policemen on the streets when the heat rises.“Calls for service always increase from May,June,July and August,” said New Bedford’s Captain Richard Spirit.“The longer period of time you have the heat,the worse it is.It’s just the opposite in the winter time.”

Craig Anderson,a professor and specialist in social psychology at Lowa State University,argues the evidence is clear.“As the temperature goes up,people become more uncomfortable.They become easier to get angry,” he said.“That increases the possibility that a small conflict will be interpreted as more major.” Anderson conducted a couple of studies looking at crime rates over the course of several years within the same area to see when most violent crimes occurred.He found that violent crimes were more likely to occur on hot days and hot months—even hot years had higher violent rates than cold years,according to his research.

Other research shows it is not so much the physical climate,but rather the social climate,that causes increased violence.“During the summer months,people stay up later.They talk with their neighbors.They party with their friends,” said Jack Levin,director of the Brudnick Centre on Violence at Northeastern University.“There are more likely to be large numbers of people interacting,and they are more likely to argue.”

Perhaps the realization that there is a link will help people in an argument step back and say,“Let’s cool off”—both literally (字面上地) and figuratively (比喻地).

Title Heat and Violence Theme Violence possibly has a 1.　　　 with heat. Facts ☆July and August witness the 2.　　　 increase of murder rate.

More policemen are called in with the heat 3..

☆People get angry more 4.　　　 as the temperature goes up. 5.　　　 of the research Fewer violent crimes occur on 6.　　　 days.

The 7.　　　 climate causes increased violence.

People usually go to 8.　　　 later during the summer months.

There are more likely to be 9.　　　 when people chat with each other. Conclusion 10.　　　the link will help people in an argument cool off.

C

(2014·安徽六校教育研究会2月联考)

Once kids hit the teenage years,parenting becomes more difficult than ever.Establishing effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers.House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.

How can effective house rules be established?

First of all,get your teenager to take part in making the rules,which can help keep them motivated to follow them.Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.

When creating the list of rules,don’t list every single rule imaginable.Instead,try to limit it to the ten most important rules.I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list.Remember,it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.

Then,it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (显眼的) location.Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder.Revise the rules whenever there’s a need,not very frequently though.

Explain clearly in advance what negative consequences will be in store when a rule gets broken.But ensure that none of your consequences are equal to abusive parenting.For example,take off the rule that says—“if you don’t get home by 11 at night,make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”.Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as consequences for disobeying rules.

Following these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (执行) will help improve your teenager’s behavior.Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!

Establishing house rules for 1.

Requirements for house rules They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and 2.　　　 teenagers behave responsibly. 3.　　　 on how to establish effective house rules 4.　　　 teenagers in making the rules ●Ask their opinions

●Include their ideas Keeping the house rules simple ●Avoid 5.　　　 every single rule

●Limit the list to the most important rules Creating a 6. list of rules ●Put it up somewhere visible to 7.　　　 your teenager of the rules

●Make the rules revised when necessary Giving a clear 8. of the consequences ●Don’t abuse children if they 9.　　　 rules Conclusion Your teenager’s behavior will be 10.　　　 with the help of effective house rules.