ruin则表示破坏严重,以致不能修复,但这种破坏不像destroy那样毁灭某物,而是强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时,它作 “使毁灭”、 “使崩溃”,“弄糟”解;用作名词时,它表示 “毁灭”, “瓦解”,“废墟”等抽象概念。ruin也有借喻的用法

8. injure: 身体上, 肉体上，损害健康，成就，容貌的伤害

hurt :  使身体部位,精神上，感情受到伤害,造成损失

wound: 刀,子弹,名声等的伤害 ，战场上受伤

harm: 肉体或精神上的伤害，有时可指引起不安或不便，还可用于抽象事物(尤指不道德的事情)

9. be shocked           be trapped in

10. wonder : v.     in wonder

wonder to do sth. / w- to do sth. /at / about   n.奇迹, 惊奇, 惊愕

It is no wonder (that)= No wonder (that) 难怪…

11. All hope was not lost.

all…not …= not all…, some…but not all(表示部分否定)

all, both, each, every + not

All of their answers were not right. = not all of their answers are right.

12. dig out

13. bury  vt   bury oneself in= be buried in     devote oneself to= be devoted to

14.congratulation  n.祝词, 贺辞 常用复数  + on   congratulate sb. on sth.

15. Judging from/ by = to judge by    由……判断之

Generally speaking      Strictly speaking      Frankly speaking

16. honor   n.尊敬, 敬意, 荣誉, 光荣  vt.尊敬, 给以荣誉

in honor of sb./sth.     in one’s honour  为了纪念/尊敬……

17.Prepare sth / to do sth./ sb to do sth. / for 准备, 预备,

be/get prepared for     in preparation for

Module 1 Unit 5  Nelson Mandela – a modern hero

1.ask for 要求得到          ask for sb.  找某人，要求见某人

2. be willing to do sth  乐意(自愿)做, 心甘情愿做

3. be active in   积极参加

4. lose heart  丧失信心     lose one’s heart  爱上某人

5. in trouble  处于不幸中，有麻烦，在监禁中

6. die for  为……而死     die for 也意为“渴望，切望”(只用于进行时态)

7. fight (fought, fought)

fight for 为……而战     fight with + 人,国家   与…并肩作战

fight against + 事物n.   为反对……作斗争

fight against + 人,国家   和(同)…斗争  =fight with

8. believe in sb. 信任某人   believe sb= believe what sb says. 相信某人的话

9. be free from摆脱(不好的东西)的，无……的

10. be in prison.   在狱中，被监禁

put…in prison = send/take…to prison = throw …into prison  把……投入监狱

11. The time when I first met …… was a very difficult period of my life.

This was a time when one had got to ….

12. advise  sth

(one’s) doing sth.

sb.to do sth.建议某人干advise sb.not to do sth=advise sb.against doing sth.

sb on sth. 就……给某人出主意

that clause  sb (should) do

advice (n.)  a piece of advice    take sb’s advice  接受某人的劝告

ask for advice on…            give sb.(some) advice on.  给某人建议

13. be +距离/时间+ away     有……远

14. continue to do /doing sth

15. fee  付给医生，律师，学校的费用，考试，俱乐部，入场卷收取的费用。

fare (交通工具的)票价

reward  报酬，奖金   vt. 酬谢，给以报答   in  reward 作为报酬

16. After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine.= after I tried hard….

17. be worried about =worry about  担心

18. out of work=lose one’s job   失业   (反)be in work

19. The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights …

See表示“见证，目睹”;(在某段时期)发生…,经历,经受，主语为时间或物

The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people.

20. vote 投票，参加选举，强调其过程

choose选择,指从众多事物中挑选 选举，  elect强调选举结果

21.He has got himself into a dangerous situation where (in which) he is likely to lose control over the plan.

22. accept  主观接受     receive客观收到

23. Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.

only then 此处引起倒装句，当only修饰状语位于句首时，句子采用部分倒装

only 修饰主语时，句子不倒装。

24. as a matter of fact= in fact事实上

25. blow up  使充气，爆炸      blow off 吹掉，吹走

blow down   吹倒          blow out  吹灭

26. be equal to 等于，相当于

27.imagine +n. / doing sth. /sb.+doing / that…     n.   imagination

28. escape from sp.  逃脱, 避开, 溜走   escape doing sth.  避免

29. in one way = in a way (M2 Unit 3)  = in some ways

all the way    一直，一路上      by the way    顺便一提

in this way    以这种方式        in the way    妨碍 挡路

on one’s/the way  在途中         in no way 绝不 No way!门儿都没有!

lose one’s way 迷路              lead the way 带头， 领先

30. He taught us during the…… when we should have been asleep.

should do应该做,一般指现在或将来的动作，指过去的动作时应站在过去的角度。

should have done 表示本应该做而没有做的.站在现在的角度上评说过去的事情。

asleep 是表语形容词，意为“睡着的”。   sleep 是动词或名词，意为“睡觉”。

sleepy 是形容词，意为“打盹的”

31. As they were not cleverer than me, but did pass their exam….

“did pass” 为强调结构，强调谓语动词时，在动词原行前加do, does, did.

eg. Do be careful!             He does speak English well!

I do hope you have a merry Christmas!

32. come to power = come into power 执政, 当权，上台 in power 当权，执政

33. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.

every time，每次…就…immediately，the moment/ minute /instant=as soon as ,

next time下次…..时,等起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.

Next time he comes, he asks me for some money.

34. set up         set out to do sth = set about doing sth.  着手做某事

35. be sentenced to

36. terror   n. 恐怖，可怕的人或事   fear  n. &vt. 恐惧，可怕

fear + n./to do /that…   for fear of …     for fear that… 担心 惟恐

37.beat   n. 敲击，跳动          beating  n. 打、输

Module 2  Unit 1  Cultural relics

1. survive vt &vi  幸存   survivor (n.) 幸存者    survival (n.) 幸存

2. remain   (1) vi. 留下, 遗留

(2) link-verb. 后接 n.  adj.  / 介词短语 / 表位置的adv.

3. the rest 作主语时, 根据指带对象不同,可能是单数,也可能是复数.

4.look into   调查

5. state 状态, 可数名词;    condition 条件, 复数形式表 “环境, 状况”;

situation 指处境, 局势。 state侧重于政权 country侧重于疆土  nation侧重于民族

6.belong to  不用于进行时态和被动语态

7.情态动词 + have done 表示对过去发生的事情的推测、批评、反悔等意。

can’t/ couldn’t have done不可能做过

could have done    可能做过;本来可以做(却未做)

might have done    或许做过;本来或许会做

may have done     或许做过

would have done   本来要做(却未做)

must have done    肯定已做过(表推测)

needn’t have done   本来没必要做(却已做)

should(n’t) / ought (n’t) have done 本来(不)应该做(却做了)

8. gift 礼物; 天赋  have a gift for sth.       gifted (adj.) 有天赋的

9. be used to do sth. 被用来做……

be used to doing 习惯于做某事(表状态)

used to(do)  过去常常做某事，(现在不了)

get used to  表示由不习惯到习惯的变化

be used to +n./doing 表示已经习惯或已形成的状态

否定：didn't’t use to/ usedn’t to/ used not to

一般疑问：Did… use to…?/ Used … to…?

10. Although it feels as hard as stone, it easily melts when (it is) heated.

11. Once it is heated, the amber can be made into any shape.

12. The design for the room was of the fancy style popular in those days.

“be + of + 名词(词组)” , 表示主语的某种形状、特性或特征。

of great importance=important         of interest=interesting

of use=useful      of help=helpful    of value=valuable

be of + size/ length/ height/ depth      be of the same size

fancy + that-/one’s doing sth / sb to be…/ sb as /sth /doing sth.

13. be made into 被制成      be made up of  由……组成/构成

be made of  由……制成(能看出原材料)

be made from   由……制成(看不出原材料)

be made in产于，生产于(某地/某时)

14. in return. 回报,作为报酬        in turn 轮流地,依次; 反过来

by turns 轮流地,时而…时而…

15..serve as  担任，充当  act as  work as 以…(的身份)工作， 当…

He serve as a waiter there

16. In 1770, the room was completed (the way(that/ in which/ 不填) she wanted it.

“the way”后跟定语从句，在从句中作方式状语, the way的用法与连词相同,

I still remember the way that ( in which, / )she did it.

I liked the way that / in which she organized the meeting.

当way前面有adj.作定语时， 其前不省略in

He always writes in a careless way.

17. 介词+名词 (表状态)

at war/work/home/table        on show/duty/sale/holiday/fire/watch

in trouble/danger/battle/doubt   under repair/discussion/construction建设

18. a piece of / a set of furniture.

19. There’s no doubt that…    (肯定句)doubt whether /if

There’s no need to do / for sth / sb     There’s no possibility that…

There’s no doubt of / about +n.    There’s no doubt about his honesty.

20. missing:  “丢失的, 缺少的”, 强调不在场;

lost:     过去分词,  “失去的, 丧失的”

gone:    过去分词, “过去的,不在的,丢了”,常作表语和补语。

21 take apart   拆开    tell … apart

They look almost the same, it’s hard to tell them apart.

22. consider sth./ doing / that clause考虑，认为  considering 就…而言

consider…as = consider…. to be

consider …. to have done ------

be consider to have done    He is considered to have stole the picture.

23. prove

这三种结构都可以是prove作实义动词用法。

1)prove+n.(作宾语)，意“证明某事”，如：

The scientist finally proved the fact.那位科学家最终证实了那个事实。

2)prove+that宾语从句

The fact proved that his statement was true. 事实证明他的说法是正确的。

3)prove+宾语+(to be)…(作宾补)

He proved himself (to be) honest.他证明自己诚实。

另外，prove还可作系动词，后接(to be)+名词/形容词，构成系表结构，意“结果是…，证明是”，没有被动语态。 The book proved (to be) interesting.

24. pretend sth/ to do /that-clause/ to be doing  假装

25. think highly /much / well of  看重，器重

think little / nothing / badly / ill / poorly of   轻视，不重视

26. Nor do I think they should give it to any government.

Nor could slaves or women.  (M2 unit2)

Module 2  Unit 2 The Olympic Games

1. compete: (vt) take part in a race, contest, exam, etc.

(1) compete in 在…中比赛/竞争

(2) compete against / with… 与…竞争/比赛

(3) compete for 为…而竞争/比赛

competitor 竞争者 competition 竞争,比赛 competitive (adj) 竞争性的,比赛性的

2 .take part in  (正式)  + 运动/ 罢工/ 运动会/ 战争/游戏/ 试验/ 谈话等

join        (非正式)+ 团体, 活动成为一员+ 参军/ 入党/ 入团

join in      (正在进行的活动, 有时=take part in )

attend       (= be present at    出席)

3. host做东, 主办       hold 举行, 召开

4. On a journey   在进行旅行       on business 在出差

journey 较长时间或教长距离的旅行，“行程，旅程”

travel  泛指一切旅游

trip 一般指往返的旅行，尤其指娱乐性的短途旅游。

tour 指考察、观光等巡回各地的旅行，也指短途旅游。

5 .magical  adj.  不可思议的=unbelievable    magic   (n.)   magician  (人)

magically   adv.

6. interview  n/ v       interviewee (被采访者)    interviewer   采访者

Make an interview       Have an interview with sb.      interview sb.

a job interview 求职面试  a television interview 电视采访

7.time “时代，时期”， 单复数均可

all the time  一直，始终             at all times  无论何时，一直

at one time曾经，一度               at times  有时，不时

from time to time    有时，不时      in no time   立刻，马上

ahead of time 提早(前)            at a time 每次，一次

in time及时 on time 准时            at times =sometimes有时

at the same time

sometime 某时  some time 一段时间  some times几次