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高考英语“主旨大意题”考试技术

"推理判断" 类考题解答锦囊

每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西;阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。

凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断;而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。

1.细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。

2.分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。

3.注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。

4.根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。

推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾;向等几种类型。

1.数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。

例题：

House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:

Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it.

A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times

2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利润)of______.

A. ￡2,900 B. ￡8,典型例题￡7,典型例题 D. ￡18,典型例题Of all the tenants,who earned most?

A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White.

4)When did Mrs Black buy the house?

A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959

5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace

A. for four years B. for nine years

C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 1955

6)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.

A.￡28，000 B.￡18，000 C.￡30，000 D.￡25，100

以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例题￡2，000，”“…inl972，the house is valued at￡30，000;”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr￡22，950.”推知，MrsBlack获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，inl972….”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000.”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black...￡4，900”“...the house is valued at￡30，000”两句话推知D项为正确答案。

2.常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。

例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl

从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具。即可推出选项A为正确答案。

3.逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。

例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.

The story suggests that tubing________.

A. should not be done in moving water

B. is done mainly by truck drivers

C. costs a lot of money

D. can be dangerous

根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。D项为正确答案。

4.推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶;是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。

例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.

Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes.

Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know."

I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?

Does she have problems? I wonder.

1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs character?

A. He is a very wise man.

B. He plans everything well.

C. He is moral and upright.

D. He is very satisfied with himself.

2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?

A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.

B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.

C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.

D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.

3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff?

A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.

B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.

C. He feels pity for Mr Neff.

D. He does not like Mr Neff.

以上各题的答案均没有直接表述在短文里，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。本文记叙的是一位一贯正确的人Mr Neff。根据这一主题，可推知他对自己的一切都很满意。第 1题选项D为正确答案。从Mr Neff事事正确，而Mr Neff又鲜为人知出发，可得出结论 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服从于她丈夫这一事实，故第2题A为正确项。尽管短文中没有直接陈述作者对MrNeff这一人物的态度，但从主题思想和某些措辞中仍可悟出作者对Mr Neff很讨厌这一事实。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一词，并还写到...Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes.”等来暗示他对Mr Neff的厌恶之情，故第3题D为正确答案。

在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：

1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example... ) that_______.

2. The writer suggests that_______.

3. From the passage (paragraph, story... ), we can tell_______.

4. The passage implies, but does not directly state that_______.

5. We may conclude from the passage that_______.

6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_______.

7. The tone of the passage is_______.

Ⅰ高考最新热门题

1.(典型例题

Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile isand, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour, ST. Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discov- ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将)of the same name in 15典型例题settled in 1810, the isand belongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred.

Coming in a close second--and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land--is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.

The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around ther 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.

On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.

1. It can be learned from the text that the island of tristan da Cunha_______.

A. was named after its discoverer

B. got its name from Holland settlers

C. was named by the British govenment

D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

2. Wich of the following is most famous for moai?

A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island

C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena.

3. Which country does Easter Island belong to?

A. Britain. B. Hollland.

C. Portugal. D. Chile

命题目的与解题技巧：本文的命题目的考查学生推理判断能力。做这类题的技巧在于：首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，借助于一些常识，然后加以分析推理，最终作出判断。

解析：本文介绍了TristandaCunha岛的来历，地理位置及人们的生活状况。

答案：1.A 这是一道推断题。从第一段第三句，这小岛名字是以岛屿发现者的名字来命名的。

2.C 这理一道细节推断题，可从第二段、第三段，尤其是第三段第二句找到，Easterlsland(复活节岛)是智利在南太平洋上的一个小岛。

3.D 这是一道细节推断题，可从第四段找到。请留意该段中的On Easter Sunday(在复活节上)，暗示了Easter Island (复活节岛)。此外，该段有on the Chilean territory(智利领土)的字样，就很容易判断出该哪一个答案了。

2.(典型例题

Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival (电影节) in May. The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer, and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. It will be competing for the Paime d'Or, the festival's top prize. The festival runs to May 21.

The American actor Tommy Lee Jones, 54, has married his longtime girlfriend. Dawn Maria Laurel, 36, in a private wedding in San Antonio. "It wasn't a big todo,' said Fred Biery, a U. S. District Judge who performed the service. He refused to discuss things further. "These are very private people," he said.

Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances. The country singer, 65, was admitted to a hospital near her home in Hurricane Mills. "She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely," a spokeswoman said.

The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger. Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者) for the United Nations, among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson.

1. We can learn from the text that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_______.

A. a figure in a film

B. a dancer in a show

C. a country singer

D. a prize winner

2. We know from the text that_______.

A. Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a film festival

B. Loretta Lynn is under the doctors' care

D. eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys

D. Fred Biery was Tommy Lee Jones's assistant

3. This text most probably appears in_______.

A. a book on film stars

B. a film review in a magazine

C. a newspaper

D. a notice

Passage 1 (典型例题

Giving Back Fair Way

The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. "No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '

"Coin Stars"

"College students are lazy, but they also want to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charities (慈善机构) , which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.

1. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?

A. Took photos of Doran.

B. Had a meeting with Doran.

C. Returned the prize to the organizer.

D. Apologized to Woburn High Schook

答案: C 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。获奖队的教练自己发现了错误，而且决定这个奖不能拿，那么接下来推断肯定是要把奖送回去。

2. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was _______.

A. honest B. polite

C. careful D. friendly

答案: A 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。从Greg Rota自己发现错误到决定把奖送回，表明他性格中的诚实。因此答案为honest.

3. The underlined word "Change" in the second paragraph means_______.

A. Idea B. Decision

C. Cups D. Coins

答案: D 指导：考查猜测词义的能力。Change for Change中的第一个change指的是“零钱”，第二个change是表示“变化”。两个change在一起肯定意思不同，关键在于首先应该明白change的不同含义，再根据文章内容进行判断。因为募集的零钱都捐给了慈善机构，改变了其他一些人的生活。所以介词for后面的change应该是目的表“变化”，那么第一个就是“零钱”。

4. What did the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr. LeBermuth?

A They tried to find out why he gave them the money.

B. They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him.

C. They dug out the records that were buried underground.

D. They decided to offer their students free room and board.

答案: A 指导：考查对文章事实细节的理解，依据是第三段文字的第二句话。

5. Jacques LBermuth gave the money to the school because_______.

A. the school asked for it

B. he had no need for that much money

C. the school had helped him in the past

D. he wanted to be remembered by the students

答案: C 指导：考查根据文章内容进行推理判断的能力。学校在Jacques LeB-ermuth困难的时候帮助过他，所以他寄来950万美元的支票回报学校。

Pssage 2 (典型例题

It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10-mile race over a course (路线) with a few high hills. Still, I felt energetic; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.

Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount Kisco, New York. She too was running easily, moving along at my speed. The pace(步速) felt comfortable, so 1 decided to stay where I was; why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one? I'd overtake (追上) her later on when she tired.

So I ran behind her. The course headed north for five miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting harder. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work.

Peggy overtook a young runner. She seemed to know him, for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good, and Peggy plainly was.

Still, I was close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didn't give up hope completely. We were getting nearer to a long punishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first.

As I moved up the hill, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away--first five yards, then ten, then more. Finally it was clear that there was no hope of catching her. She beat me soundly.

There is an important lesson in that race. Women are thought to be weaker, slower and not nearly as skilled in sport. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed, the similarities between men and women runners are more important than the differences. I have run with a number of women, and I can say that it is often hard work.

1. What did the writer think of the race in the beginning?

A. It would be hard work.

C. It would be an easy race.

C. It would be a test of his strength.

D. It would be a good learning experience.

答案: B 指导：首先要审清题干，注意题干中的inthebeginning。

本文第一段、第二段中的一些词如energetic，a fine run，running easily，comfortable等都反映出作者开始认为这场比赛不会很难。

2. What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner?

A. Peggy overtook the young runner.

B. Peggy was running energetically.

C. Peggy was laughing at the writer.

D. Peggy paid no attention to the writer.

答案: B 指导：由第四段倒数第一句"You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good”可知作者认为：你在比赛中聊天表示你感觉很好。而上句peggy恰恰在比赛中聊天反映出作者认为Peggy在比赛中的感觉，作为Peggy的对手，他当然很担心。

3. By saying" a long, punishing hill"(Paragraph 5) , the writer implies that_______.

A. Peggy would fail to reach the hilltop

B. men are more skilled at climbing hills

C. overtaking Peggy would be easy

D. climbing the hill would be a demanding task

答案: D 指导：下句中的test一词，能够反映作者当时的感觉，所以D为最佳选项。

4. What lesson does the writer learn from the race?

A. Women are as good as men in sport.

B. Women are better at climbing hills.

C. He should have more training in a cross-country race.

D. He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.

答案: A 指导：文章倒数第一段倒数第一、二句是做此题的关键句。

Passage3 (典型例题

Deserts are found where there is little rainfall or where rain for a whole year falls in only a few weeks' time. Ten inches of rain may be enough for many plants to survive (存活) if the rain is spread throughout the year. If it falls within one or two months and the rest of the year is dry, those plants may die and a desert may form.

Sand begins as tiny pieces of rock that get smaller and smaller as wind and weather wear them down. Sand dunes (沙丘) are formed as winds move the sand across the desert. Bit by bit, the dunes grow over the years, always moving with the winds and changing the shape. Most of them are only a few feet tall, but they can grow to be several hundred feet high.

There is, however, much more to a desert than sand. In the deserts of the southwestern United States, cliffs (悬崖) and deep valleys were formed from thick mud that once lay beneath a sea more than millions of years ago. Over the centuries, the water dried up. Wind, sand, rain, heat and cold all wore away at the remaining rocks. The faces of the desert mountains are always changing--very, very slowly--as these forces of nature continue to work on the rock.

Most deserts have a surprising variety of life. There are plants, animals and insects that have adapted to life in the deserr. During the heat of the day, a visitor may see very few signs of living things, but as the air begins to cool in the evening, the desert comes to life. As the sun begins to rise again in the sky, the desert once again becomes quiet and lonely.

1. Many plants may survive in deserts when_______.

A. the rain is spread out in a year

B. the rain falls only in a few weeks

C. there is little rain in a year

D. it is dry all the year round .

答案: A 指导：通过第一段内容可推出，此外作为中学生都应该有这样的常识，这题应是一个送分题。

2. Sand dunes are formed when_______.

A. sand piles up gradually

B. there is plenty of rain in a year

C. the sea has dried up over the years

D. pieces of rock get smaller

答案: A 指导：第二段第二句给出了明确答案。

3. The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably means that in a desert there is_______.

A. too much sand

B. more sand than before

C. nothing except sand

D. something else besides sand

答案: D 指导：首先理解画线句子中的more...than(与……相比多于，不只是)，然后根据本段其他句子进行推断。划线部分在本段是topic sentence，其他的句子是supporting sentence. 如果不明白主题句，可从支撑句中去推断，反之也是如此。

4. It can be learned from the text that in a desert_______.

A. there is no rainfall throughout the year

B. life exists in rough conditions

C. all sand dunes are a few feet high

D. rocks are worn away only by wind and heat

答案： B 指导：文章最后一段介绍了一些生活在严酷环境的沙漠中的生物情况。

Passage 4 (典型例题 Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.

"I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生) ,' said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. "I think by 2075 we will see it and that's a conservative estimate(保守的估计)."

At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术)make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. "There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years, "he said. "Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years. '

However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.

Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. "It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?" said Leonard Peon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre "At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at alL'

1. By saying" we are knocking at the door of immortality", Michael Zey means_______.

A. they believe that there is no limit of living

B. they are sure to find the truth about long living

C. they have got some ideas about living forever

D. they are able to make people live past the present life span

答案: C 指导：immortality的意思为“永生”，所以MichaelZey觉得人可以长生不死。

2. Donald Louria's attitude toward long living is that

A. people can live from 120 to 180

B. it is still doubtful how long humans can live

C. the human body is designed to last about 120 years

D. it is possible for humans to live longer in the future

答案: D 指导：从第三段Donald的谈话可知，他认为人可以活120～180岁甚至更久，200～300岁。A项表述不完整。

3. The underlined"it' ( Paragraph 4) refers to _______.

A. a great push

B. the idea of living beyond the present life span

C. the idea of living from 200 to 300 years

D. the conservative estimate

答案: B指导：全文谈的都是人的寿命能否超越现在的期限，故选B.

4. What would be the best tide for this text?

A. Living Longer or Not

B. Science, Technology and Long Living

C. No Limit for Human Life

D. Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living

答案: A 指导：参考上题指导。

Passage 5 (典型例题

Who is there among us who hasn't dreamed of having his or her own small ( maybe, several years later, even big) business, and having wonderful freedom, both from a boss and from the time clock: the freedom to make up our own rules for our work, and our own plans--arranging our own hours of work? That way work would be both painless and fun. Or, so we imagine.

Well, in fact it isn't quite as simple as that. Yes, it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business. But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn't think of a free day, not to mention flying off for a month's vacation. It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week, and if there is a day off, that day might need to be devoted to accounting(算账).

But this negative picture doesn't destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return--both material and mental--continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States.

1. From the first paragraph, we know that everybedy bopes_______.

A. to rule others

B. to be his or her own boss

C. to get a time clock

D. to be free from work

答案: B指导：从第一段可得知。

2. Most new business owners have to_______.

A. work more than 10 hours a day

B. devote himself to accounting

C. fly to some places in the world

D. have a day off in a week

答案: A 从句中“h is not unusual for new business owners to works eventy or eighty hours a week"可知一天工作十多个小时。

3. The expression "negative picture" nxet probably means_______.

A. a terrible experience

B. a poor picture

C. limited freedom

D. unpleasant situations

答案: D指导：根据第二段可知negmive picture means unpleasant situations.

4. The beautiful hopes will never be destroyed because_______.