高中英语定语从句讲解及练习（4）

18.9 关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况

a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b) 介词后不能用。例如：

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b)　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。

d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

19. 状语从句

19.1 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：

Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

19.2 方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1)as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：

Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2)as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

19.3 原因状语从句

比较because, since, as和for：

1)because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：

I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。

2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：

He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。

He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。

19.4 目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如：

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。

He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。