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一、非谓语动词与谓语动词

 1．相同点： (1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：

They built a garden.

They suggested building a garden. (2)都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. (3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态) He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式) We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时) Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式) (4)都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语) The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语) We are League members.(谓语动词的主语) We being League member, the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)

2、不同点： (1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词)，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 (2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词)，在句中作状语。

二、非谓语动词用法：

(一)动词不定式：(to)+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

1.不定式的形式： 否定式：not + do (1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，

例如： I'm glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.(2)进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. (3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend.

2.不定式的句法功能：

(1)作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure.

动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart.

(2)作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold.

(3)作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

(4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.

(5)作定语

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