英语六级语法:定语从句知识点

2014-02-14 11:04:49 字体放大:  

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定语从句

定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that或关系副词as, when, where, why等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外,还在从句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中担任一定的成分。如:

The car which was stolen has been found.(which指代先行词car,在从句中作主语)

The house whose windows are broken is empty.(whose是所有格,在从句中作定语)

I shall never forget the day when I entered the university.(when指代先行词day,在从句中作时间状语)

1. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言,可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,表示对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开,是对先行词进行补充说明,相当于并列句。如:

He is the man who has strong personality. (限定性定语从句)

My mother, who works abroad, is coming next week. (非限定性定语从句)

注:1)非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用which, as或who(指人)。用which或as引导时,既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容。如:

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整个主句,在从句中作主语)

2)as引导的非限定性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如:

As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.

The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people’s life greatly.

3) 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略;但在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如:

The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)

She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)

2. 通常只用关系代词that,不用which, who或whom的几种情况

1)当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时,如:

All that you want is here.

2) 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如:

There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.

3) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

4) 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人或物时。如:

We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.

5) 当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。如:

Who is the person that is standing over there?

6) 当定语从句为there be句型时,关系代词只能用that,但经常可以省略。如:

I know the difference (that) there is between you.

7) 当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that。如:

He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了。

3. 与其他词连用引导的定语从句

As引导定语从句时,可指人也可指物,通常与the same, such, so等连用,形式为:the same … as, such … as, as … as, so … as。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事,作宾语)

I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物,作主语)

注:the same … as和the same … that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”,指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物。如:

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。(类似的笔)

This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。(同一支笔)

4. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

在“介词 + which / whom”结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况:

1)定语从句中谓语动词与表语的搭配。如:

This is the college in which I am studying.

He is the man about whom we are talking.

2) 先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如:

The speed at which the machine operates is known on the meter.

3)当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which;否则用其他介词。如:

I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.

I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

注:不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如put up with;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定。如:be familiar with / to, compare with / to等。

有时为表意清楚,还可以在关系副词where / when前加介词from, to等。如:

China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.

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