批驳
1.It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.
2.There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3.Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
4.Many of us have been under the illusion that...
5.A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6.It makes no sense to argue for ...
7.Too much stress placed on ...may lead to ...
8.Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
9.Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
后果
1.It may give rise to a host of problems.
2.The immediate result it produces is ...
3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...
4.Its consequence can be so great that...
举例
1.A good case in point is ...
2.As an illustration, we may take ...
3.Such examples might be given easily.
4....is often cited as an example.
证明
1.No one can deny the fact that ...
2.The idea is hardly supported by facts.
3.Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
4.Recent studies indicate that ...
5.There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
6.According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
开篇
1.Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
2.Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3.Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4.Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
5.Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
6.Never in our history has the idea that ...been so popular.
7.Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
8.According to a recent survey, ...
9.With the rapid development of ..., ...
结尾
1.From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
2.It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
3.It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
4.In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
5.There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
6.To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
7.In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
8.With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
9.We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
10.Taking all these into account, we ...
11.Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
上升增长
1.…add up to… 增加了eg. The total amount of … added up to 14 billion pounds(14%) in 1994.
2. to jump to / to soar to…… 一跃达到/ 猛增到…
eg. The total working days lost soared to 10 million in 1979.
3.…an increase of about…percent as compared with…… 与…相比大约增加了…
eg. In August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79% as compared with the number of January.
4.…to experience an increase/incline …有了增长
eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing an incline.
下降，减少
1.…to sink/drop/reduce to… 减少到…
eg. The rate of strikes sank/dropped to the lowest point in 1979.
2.…to experience a decrease/decline …有了减少
eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing a decrease. 注意：
修饰上升/减少的副词有：
rapidly slowly dramatically respectively 表达上升/减少的最后状态的词有：
the highest peak the lowest point 10 million 10%
起伏
1.…to go up and down …起伏不定
eg. The strike rate went up and down during the period from 1952 to 1967.
2.There be ups and downs …有起有伏
eg. Between 1972 and 1979, there were several ups and downs in (某方面).
稳定
1.…to remain steady/level/unchanged …保持稳定，几乎不变
eg. The rate of …remained steady (fairly level/almost unchanged) during the four years from 1963 to 1967.
2.…to level off (vi.)
eg. After a steady decline for a whole decade, the …rate shows signs of leveling off.
注意：
修饰起伏或稳定状态的副词有：
almost fairly 可以用于表达起伏，稳定状态的句子中的词组或句型：
the general situation was not worsening
show indications of improvement
it can be predicted that…
eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,and it can be predicted that the general situation was not worsening.
eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,showing signs of improvement in …
成正比，反比
1.…be in direct /inverse ratio to/with 与…成正比/反比
eg. Male illustrations are in direct ratio to /with the advancement of grades, while female illustrations are in inverse ratio.
占百分之几，几分之几
1….to form/comprise/make up/constitute ….percent …占百分之…
eg. Women comprise more than 50% of the U.S. population.
eg. Females make up only 24% of the illustrations whereas males constitute 76%.
2.…to form/comprise/constitute a half/third/fourth of……占…的1/2,1/3,1/4
eg. Female illustrions form less than a fourth of the total.
3.…account for…percent 占百分之几
eg. ……, accounting for approximately 20 percent of…
倍数
1.A be …times as much/many as B
eg. The annual rainfall of Hunan is 5 times as much as that of Sichuan.
2.A doubles/is half/triples B A是B的两倍，一半，三倍
eg. The annual rainfall of Jidda doubles that of Janta, but is only half the amount of rain Kuwait receives each year.
附一 圆盘比例型图表 例： 一个圆盘显示了大学生在food, books, transportations, entertainment, clothes, unknown中的开销，它们各自占的比例依次是60%,3%,5%,10%,10%,12%，要求你描叙这个圆盘图。
描述:
The above pie chart consists of 6 segments, the largest one representing food, which accounts for 60% of the total. Clothes and entertainment each takes up 10%. 5% goes to transportation and 3% books. All the rest expenses, 12% of all ,is spend on unknown items.
总结写作模式：
…pie chart consists of…segments, the largest one representing…,which accounts for …of the total.…each takes up….…goes to….All the rest…, …of all,……. .
原因结果
1….(结果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 为分词结构]
2….(结果)…, attributable to(原因) [attributable to为形容词短语]
3….(结果) lie in the fact that(原因) [ 同位语从句 ]
4….(结果)result from(原因) [句型一般]
5. It is precisely because (原因)…that (导致结果)… [强调结构]
6. …, as a result, …(导致结果)… [as a result做插入语]
7. (原因)be responsible for(结果) [常见句型]
8. (原因)，which in turn(结果)
eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic.