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(一) 直接引语和间接引语
引述别人的话，如果照原话重复，称为直接引语;直接引语要加引号。如果用引述者的话转述说话的内容，称为间接引语;间接引语不加引号。 如：
直接引语 "I will try a seven time," cried Bruce."
间接引语 "Bruce said that he would try a seventh time."
1. 在把陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语时要注意以下几点：
(1) 时态要一致。如：
She said:"They are very fond of sports."
She said that they were very fond of sports.
(2)人称代词和物主代词要作相应的调整：如：
"I've just got a letter from my sister," Jane said.
Jane said she had just got a letter from her sister.
(3) 某些时间和地点状语要作相应的调整：
Joe said:"I arrived yesterday(this morning, two days ago)."
Joe said he arrived the day before(that morning, two days before).
2. 在把特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除了要把时态、代词、状语作相应的调整外，还要注意把问句的语序改为陈述句语序。 如：
"What are you looking for, Tom?" Anne asked.
Anne asked Tom what he was looking for.
3. 在把一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除了上述各点外，还要注意在间接引语前用连词whether或if。如：
"Have you finished reading the book,George?" Betty asked.
Betty asked whether(if) George had finished reading the book.
4. 在把祈使句由直接引语变为间接引语时，要用ask,tell,order等词，三者代表不同的口气(请求、让步、命令)，如何选用要根据原话口气决定。 如：
"Don't be late again, Frank," the teacher said.
The teacher told Frank not to be late again.
(二) 破折号的用法
1. 破折号用来表示思想上突然的中断或转移。 如：
I assure you that I-but you would not understand.我向你保证我-可你不会理解的。(表示思想的突然中断)
2. 有时与括号相似，但不如括号正式。 如：Mary comes every week -on Tuesday-to help with the laundry.玛丽每个星期-每星期二-都来帮忙洗衣服。
3. 破折号常用来表示句子没有结束。 如：The little boy counted one,two,three,four-and then stopped. 小男孩数了一、二、三、四-然后停住了。
4. 破折号有时表示附加或补充。 如：The gave him a new camera for Christmas-and a film to go with it.他们给了他一架新照相机作为圣诞礼物-还带有一卷胶卷。
5. 破折号有时用来解释上文。 如：He bought a house just outside the town-a magnificent building. 他在紧靠城外买了一栋房子-一栋豪华的建筑。
6. 破折号有时相当于冒号，但不如冒号正式。 如：He has only one interest-music.他只有一项兴趣-音乐。