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托福听力背景积累：考古年代的测定
托福听力中经常会出现关于校园文化、欧美历史、自然生物等方面的话题，我们在日常备考的时候需要有意识的积累相关知识，减轻托福听力考试的难度。下面，新东方网托福频道为您提供“托福听力背景积累：考古年代的测定”，希望对大家有所帮助。
Dating Methods in Archaeology
If there is one fundamental issue on which most archaeologists can generally agree, it is the importance of chronology in studying the past. Although one of the most important contributions that archaeology can make is the study of cultures over long time spans, control of the time dimension is crucial in almost all kinds of archaeological research. In studying the archaeological record, the archaeologist needs to differentiate those materials that are contemporary and those that reflect the passage of time. Given the importance of establishing the temporal relationships of archaeological remains, it is not surprising that until the introduction of dating techniques from the physical sciences (e.g., chemistry and nuclear physics), issues of chronology dominated archaeology. Archaeologists can now access a wide variety of techniques to estimate the age of archaeological remains, and can now turn their attention to issues other than chronology.
The dating methods used by archaeologists vary considerably in precision and the nature of the material actually dated. Age determinations for archaeological materials may be direct or indirect. Direct dates are derived from the actual artifact, feature or ecofact to determine the age of the material. Indirect dates are based on material associated with the archaeological item of interest. For example, ash in an ancient hearth can be dated by the radiocarbon dating method (discussed below) and other material, such as pottery, stone tools, and fragments of animal bone associated with the hearth, can then be indirectly assigned the same age. This assignment, however, assumes that there is sufficient evidence indicating that both the hearth and the artifacts reflect the same contemporaneous event, thus allowing the extension of the direct date to the other related material.
以上就是托福听力背景积累：考古年代的测定，大家可以整理其中的陌生词汇及句型，以及相关的历史知识，在托福听力考场上遇到此类问题的时候，你一定会感到惊喜。