专八人文常识精讲(1) 英国经济
I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War
战后英国经济成长
The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:
二战后英国经济成长可分为三个阶段：
(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.
(1)战后50-60年月平稳成长时代。其首要特点是经济迟缓而持续增添，失踪业率低，物质丰硕，人平易近消费水平不竭增添。
(2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits.
(2)70年月经济滞胀。在70年月，英国在所有的发家成本主义国家中，始终连结最低经济增添率，最高的通货膨胀率，和最高的商业赤字记载。
(3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.
(3)80年月经济清醒。一个显著特点是时刻长，清醒持续了7年。另一个特点是国际收支大大盈利，政府金融地位最高。
II. Measures taken by Mrs. Thatcher's government to improve the economy
撒切尔政府的经济清醒政策
Mrs. Thatcher's government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.
撒切尔政府运用宏不美观经济政策和微不美观经济政策，采纳了良多法子提高经济效益。
(1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.
宏不美观经济政策直接针对降低通货膨胀率和维持物价不变。
(2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.
微不美观经济政策旨在经由过程鼓舞激励实业，效率和矫捷性配合全力提高市场竞争力。
III. Reasons for the British coal mining is called a "sick" industry today.
英国煤矿被称为"生病"工业的原因
Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.
现在的英国煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工、煤矿的数目和总产量都大大下降。
The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.
煤工业衰退的原因搜罗：琅缦愫矿的枯竭，昂贵的提炼费用，破旧的设备，少少的投资，因为进口更清洁、更廉价、更高效的燃料导致的需求下降等等。
IV. Britain's oil and natural gas
英国的石油和自然气。
Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based.
在1965年及1970年在北海发现自然气和石油。今天英国的石油不仅能自给自足，还有盈利供出口。交通和家庭供热系统首要依靠石油，因为大部门农业的高度机械化，食物供给也靠石油。
V. Main problems associated with Britain's iron and steel industry today.
现在英国钢铁工业的首要问题。
British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons:
英国钢铁工业衰退的原因如下：
1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted;
当地贮备枯竭;
2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products;
出产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产物，
3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation;
高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分隔，导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益;
4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area.
良多钢铁厂倒闭，导致该地域的多量人失踪业。
VI. Textile Industry
纺织工业
The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.
英国首要纺织基地是此刻的中东部，约克郡和汉伯塞德郡及北爱尔兰。
The reasons behind the decline of Britain's textile industry are:
英国纺织业的衰退原因如下：
(1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods.
纺织品出口不能很好地与设法出产出更廉价商品的国外产家竞争。
(2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers.
英国增添了从外国产家进口更廉价纺织品。
(3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem.
亏弱及过时的打点抉择妄想导致良多问题。
(4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres.
人造纤维庖代品已庖代了自然纤维。
(5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.
因为机械化，每个工人的出产量有了提高。
VII. New Industries
新兴工业
New industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: (1) the area between London and South Wales, (2) the Cambridge area of East Anglia and (3) the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the "Silicon Glen". By the end of 1985 half of Britain's microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland.
英国的新兴工业搜罗微措置器、计较机、生物手艺和其他高科技财富。英国的草科技财富首要集中在以下三个地域：(1)伦敦和南威尔士之间的地域，(2)东英吉利的剑桥地域，(3)苏格兰格拉斯哥和爱丁堡之间的地域。其中最后一个地域是最大的，现在有“硅谷”之称。j到1985年尾，英国有一半的微芯片都产自苏格兰。