翻译过程中,语篇不论是对原文的理解还是对译文的构建都起着非常重要的作用。由于语篇是最基本的翻译单位,译者应该予以足够的重视。合格的译者不仅要具备语篇分析的能力,还必须首先具备语篇意识。所谓语篇意识就是要求译者将语篇看作一个整体,而不局限于词、短语、句子,从语篇整体把握原文、理解原文、再现译文。

e.g. The man, who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do (B. Russell).

译文:上了年纪而能这样看待生活的人就不会遭受怕死的痛苦,因为他所关怀的事物将继续下去。同时,如果精力衰竭了,疲乏增加了,休息的思想并非是要不得的。我倒愿意工作不息,死而后已,因为我知道别人会继续我未完成的事业(《新概念英语》第4册)。

如果只看到划线的这一句话,译文似乎没什么可挑剔。但是,如果考虑一下上下文,将整个句群看作一个整体,我们会发现译文与前文与后文都不相呼应。因为原文第一句“The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death”与最后一句“I should wish to die while still at work”都表明整篇的主题是死亡问题,“rest”的含义是“长眠”而非“休息”,但划线部分的译文却与“死亡”无关。而且,这里的“rest”是一种委婉的说法,表示死亡的这类委婉语还有很多,如“silence”、“sleep”、“quietus”等,如果原文用的是“silence”,难道应该将其译为“沉默的思想并非是要不得的”?显然,产生这一问题的根本原因就是不顾文章的整体性,孤立地“理解”部分语句,忽略了篇章整体信息的参与。划线部分的合理译文应该是:而且,如果随着精力的衰竭,疲倦之感日渐增加,长眠并非是不受欢迎的念头。　杨绛先生在她的文章《记钱钟书与〈围城〉》中,多处用到了“痴气”及与“痴”相关的词组,来描绘钱种书先生异于常人的脾性,在不同语境下其意多有不同。凌原先生,根据具体情况选用不同的英语词汇来翻译“痴气”及相关词组,请看以下诸例:

1)　　钟书写完《围城》,“痴气”依然旺盛,但是没有体现为第二部小说。

After Chung-shu finished writing Fortress Besieged, his “eccentric” bent was still going strong, but it failed to take form in a second novel.

2) 我觉得《围城》里的人物和情节,都凭他那股子痴气,呵成了真人真事。

It was those charming mischievous quirks of his that made it possible for him to create the characters and plots for the novel and pass them off as real people and real deeds.

3) “高兴”也正是钱家所谓“痴气”的表现。

“Being funny” was another manifestation of his puckish bent in the eyes of the Ch’iens.

4) 钟书的“痴气”也怪别致的。

Chung-shu’s sweet quirkiness is peculiarly his own.

5) 沦陷在上海的时候,他多余的“痴气”往往发泄在叔父的小儿小女、孙儿孙女和自己的女儿阿圆身上。

When he was stranded in Shanghai, he would take out his pent-up eccentric energy on Younger Uncle’s small children, grand children and Ah Yuan, his own daughter…

三、通过常识判断确定词义

常识(common sense / general knowledge about the world around us)人人有,而且常识愈丰富对翻译理解愈有用。很多老翻译家如吕淑湘、傅雷、杨宪益都强调翻译需要“杂学”。我想,这“杂学”可以看作是比较“高级”的常识吧。请看下面一段关于铜质保温瓶结构的描述:

---Another type is a double-walled copper vessel with the corresponding surface scrupulously cleaned to achieve the high intrinsic reflectivity of copper. A body of charcoal absorbent may be affixed to the outer wall of the fluid container, where it is kept cold and helps to condense any gases remaining in the vacuum space after it is evacuated and sealed off.

某译文:另一种类型是有双壁的铜容器,其相应表面洁净无疵以获得铜所固有的高反射率。在流体容器的外壁可以粘着一层木炭吸附剂,它保持着低温并在容器抽空和密封后帮助冷凝残留在真空空间的气味。

此句的翻译关键在于两个it的意思。根据上面的译文,两个it都指fluid container。这显然不对。从原文看,fluid container明显指铜质保温瓶盛装液体的内胆,而内胆怎么能抽空呢?根据生活常识,保温瓶中要抽空的是内外夹层之间的夹套,即原文中的the vacuum space,因此第二个it应指the vacuum space。再举一个简单一点的例子:She could knit when she was seven.。句中的knit,其基本意思是“编织”,但译文不能只说“织”或“编织”,必须把动词的宾语补上,因为汉语里说“她七岁时就会(编)织”显得不够自然。那么“织”什么呢?根据我们的生活经历,一般是织毛衣,而不是织麻袋什么的,因此原句可译为“她七岁时就会织毛衣”。常识也包括一些很简单的科普知识。如果科技知识为大众所共有,那就是利用科学背景知识来确定词义。

四、利用背景知识确定词义