牛津英语5A英语语法(二)名词复数的规则变化
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情况
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构成方法
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读音
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例词
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一般情况
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加s
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清辅音后读/s/
浊辅音后和元音后读/z/
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map-maps
car-cars
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以s,sh,ch,x 等结尾
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加es
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读/iz/
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box-boxes
class-classes
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以ce,se,ze 等结尾
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加s
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读/iz/
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license-licenses
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以辅音字母+y 结尾
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变y 为i 再加es
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读/iz/
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baby-babies
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二.其他复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如： the Henrys’ monkey---monkeys
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时：
a. 加s,如： photo---photos piano---pianos
b. 加es,如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes.
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s,如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
b. 去掉f,fe 加ves,如：half---halves knife---knives
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves.
三.名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth注意:：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans.
2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如：a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如：glasses trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair;suit; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如：goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼.
四.不可数名词对量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如：
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。
练习题
1.Would you give me________, please?
A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers
2.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps
3.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen
4.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A. Thousands of B.Three thousand of C.Thousand of D.Three thousands
5.We have been in the school for______.
A.three and a half month B.three and a half months C.three month and a half D.three month and halves
6._____English is_____useful language.
A. A, an B. /, a C. The, an D. A , /
7.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
A. women doctors B. women doctor C. woman doctors D. woman doctor
8.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
A. A little mail B. A piece of mail C. A mail D. A small mail
9. He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
A. many Jack friends B. Jack’s many friends C. many Jack’s friend D. many friends of Jack’s
10.Our teacher gave me ______.
A. an advice B. the advice C. some advice D. much advice
答案：1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5. B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.C