例：Please give me a second apple.    There comes a fifth girl.

18.have trouble/difficult/problem (in) doing… 干…遇到麻烦，困难

19.unless  除非，如果不，等于“if not”本身就表示否定，引导条件状语从句，主句为将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。例：My baby sister doesn’t cry unless she’s hungry. =My baby sister doesn’t cry if she isn’t hungry.

Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.

如果你不多加小心的话，你会出事的。

20.instead: adv. 代替，更换。

例：We have no coffee, would you like tea instead?我们没有咖啡了，改喝茶好吗?It will take days by car, so let’s fly instead. 开车去要好几天呢，咱们还是坐飞机吧。

Tom was ill, so I went instead.汤姆病了，所以换了我去。

instead of doing sth. 作为某人或某事物的替换

例：Let’s play cards instead of watching TV. We sometimes eat rice instead of potatoes.  Give me the red one instead of the green one.

21.spoken 口头的，口语的。spoken English  口头英语

speaking 讲话的，说某种语言的。Speaking skills讲英语的能力

22. 提建议的句子：

①What/ how about +doing sth.?  如：What/ How about going shopping?

②Why don’t you + do sth.? 如：Why don’t you go shopping?

③Why not + do sth. ?      如：Why not go shopping?

④Let’s + do sth.           如： Let’s go shopping

⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.?     如：Shall we/ I go shopping?

23. a lot 许多  常用于句末 如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。

24. too…to 太…而不能  常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.

如：I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。

25. not …at all 一点也不  根本不  如：

I like milk very much. I don’t like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。  not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾

26.be / get excited about sth.= be/get excited about doing sth. = be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如：I am / get excited about going to Beijing.=

I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。

27. ① end up doing sth终止做某事，结束做某事  如：

The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。

② end up with sth. 以…结束 如：

The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。

28. first of all 首先; to begin with 一开始;  later on 后来、随

29. also 也、而且(用于肯定句)常在句子的中间

either 也(用于否定句)常在句末

too  也 (用于肯定句)   常在句末=as well

30. make mistakes 犯错;mistake sb. for …把……错认为……

make mistakes (in) doing sth. 在干某事方面出错;by mistake 错误地;由于搞错

mistake---mistook----mistaken

如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。

I mistook him for his brother.我错把他认成了他的哥哥。

make a mistake 犯一个错误 如：I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。

31. laugh at sb. 笑话;取笑(某人)如：Don’t laugh at me!不要取笑我!

32. take notes 做笔记，做记录

33. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… 如：

She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。