I Cloze: 20 points

Unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employers for economic and job benefits. They exist to create 1 and economic power against private management and the 2 to achieve their goals. These goals are primarily higher 3 , better working conditions, and job security. 4 organized to achieve these goals are usually complex in their social and psychological detail。

Union movements occurred in the 5 half of the 1700s in the U.S. Carpenters, printers, and shoemakers formed organizations as early as 1791 in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. These 6 in most cases over social and economic 7 between workers and employers when rapid 8 in a young development country began to break down the familiar modes of 9 and the close ties between workers and employers。

A long, hard drive for legalization of union 10 Unions fought with companies and 11 courts for legitimacy and status. Unions were 12 as a threat to free enterprise and private property, and 13 to political and economic stability. They were also considered radical, and companies resisted them 14 . Violent conducts were frequent on both sides. The government at times moved in state police to suppress the more 15 conflicts. Union workers themselves often punished other workers who did not back their policies。

Unions in the U.S. have always 16 a practical direction. They have not adopted radical ideologies or 17 goals. A major force in union organizing in the early part of the century, Samuel Gompers, took a practical approach. He 18 “bread and butter unionism” or “pure and simple unionism。” He was interested in immediate, practical gains—higher wages and shorter 19 . He sided with no political party, only 20 politicians who could help。

1. A. political B. principal C. crucial D. communal

2. A. department B. government C. section D. compartment

3. A. position B. rank C. wages D. benefits

4. A. Arrangements B. Adjustments C. Dynamics D. Movements

5. A. latter B. former C. early D. later

6. A. arouse B. arose C. arised D. aroused

7. A. contradiction B. dispute C. conflict D. debate

8. A. improvements B. rhythm C. pace D. alterations

9. A. production B. living C. communication D. commerce

10. A. pursued B. followed C. gathered D. launched

11. A. idealistic B. supportive C. unsympathetic D. advisable

12. A. depicted B. defined C. determined D. referred to

13. A. therefore B. moreover C. nevertheless D. nonetheless

14. A. energetically B. vigorously C. spontaneously D. promptly

15. A. brutal B. urgent C. fierce D. emergent

16. A. stood by B. strove for C. sought after D. stuck to

17. A .unrealistic B. practical C. unreasonable D. practicable

18. A. opposed B. advocated C. rejected D. approved

19. A. times B. hours C. whiles D. periods

20. A. against B. to C. for D. with

II Reading and Vocabulary: 50 points

Text 1

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get。”

Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things。

You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served。

Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services。

This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner。

When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now。

1.What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get。”?

[A] You’ll certainly get what you want。

[B] It’s no use dreaming。

[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have。

[D] It’s essential to set a goal for yourself。

2.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________。

[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job

[B] an indication of how to secure a good job

[C] a guideline for job description