She cried and covered her face with her hands.

她哭了，用手蒙住了脸。

The desk was covered with dust.=Dust covered the desk.

书桌上布满了灰尘。

7. …, he encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.

……，他鼓励每个人加入到保护我们的河流、湖泊和海洋的行动中来，take part in意为“参加(活动)”一般表示在活动中还承担一定的职责。

He always takes an active part in all kinds of activities in school.他总是积极参加学校的各种活动。

join也有参加的意思，但是该词主要强调参加某项组织。如：He joined the party when he was eighteen years old.他十八岁就入了党。

8.— … but I’ve gone scuba diving.

— So have I.

— ……但是我去潜水了。

— 我也去了。

“So+be/情态动词/助动词+主语”这种简略结构表示“某人也……”如：I like green very much. So does Lily.

我喜欢绿色，莉莉也喜欢。

Tom can swim, so can I.

汤姆会游泳，我也会游。

She is a student. So are they.

她是学生，他们也是。

I went to the zoo yesterday. So did Mary.

昨天我去了动物园，玛丽也去了。

so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，这种结构强调“……确实如此”。如：Her husband is English. So he is.

他丈夫是英国人。是的，他是。

Tom studies very hard. So he does.

汤姆学习很努力。是的，他确实很努力。

She passed the exam. So she did.

她通过了这次考试。是的，他确实通过了。

9. I’ve been down as long as two hours.

我在水下待了两小时之久

as long as …长达……

It took us as long as four hours to get over the mountain.

我们花了四个小时才翻过了那座山。

Mr. Brown spent as long as two and a half years writing the novel.

布朗先生花了长达两年半的时间才写完这部小说

注：类似的用法还有as much as, as large/big as, as wide as, as high as等等。如：

Look at the tower, it is as high as sixty metres.

看那座塔，它高达60米。

I spent as much as ten thousand yuan on the piano.

买这架钢琴，我花了多达一万块钱。

注意：as long as这个短语还可以做从属连词用来引导条件状语从句。意思是“只要……”，也可以说;so long as。如：

As long as I live, I’ll study.

只要我还活着，我就要学习。

You may borrow the books so long as you keep it clean.

只要你能保持书的清洁，你就可以借书。

As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.

只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到解决问题的出路。

10. Maybe we can go scuba diving sometime.

也许改天我们能潜泳。

Maybe it will rain tonight.

可能今天晚上会下雨。

Maybe it is true.

也许这是真的。

It may be wrong.

这可能有错。

Don’t worry. We have some time left.

别担心，我们还有时间。

I have been to his school some times.

我去过他的学校几次。

Come and see me sometime next week.

下个礼拜什么时候有时间来看我。

I sometimes go to the cinema after work.

我有时下班后去看电影。

11. Not all sharks are alike.

并不是所有的都相似。

Alive adj. 意思为“相同的;相像的”常做表语。

They were born on the same day. The two brothers are very much alike.

他俩出生于同一天。这兄弟俩长得很像。=They were born on the same day. The two brothers are very like.

他俩出生于同一天。这兄弟俩长得很像。

注意：like 之前可以用very 来修饰，但是alike之前则不行。另外，alike也可以用做副词。如：

You and I think alike.

你和我的想法一致。

Great minds think alike.

英雄所见略同。

12. … but many sharks feed on fish, other sea animals, smaller sharks and sometimes people.

……许多鲨鱼以鱼和其他的海洋动物，较小的鲨鱼为食，有时还以人为食。

Feed on sth. 以……为食

Cows feed on hay.

奶牛吃干草。

The children always feed on the best of food.

孩子们常常吃最好的食物。

13. It is said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the great white shark.

据说有一种最危险的鲨鱼是大白鲨。

It is said …据说……

It is said that you are good at operating computers.

据说你很会操作电脑。

It is said that the sports meeting will be put off till next Thursday.

据说运动会会推迟至下周四举行。

类似的句型还有：

It is thought that … 据认为……

It is proved that … 据证明……

It is known that … 众所周知……

It is suggested that …据建议……

It is reported that … 据报道……

It is announced that …据宣布……

It is required that … 据要求……

It is required that we work eight hours a day. Sometime we work till midnight.

据要求我们一天要工八个小时。有时我们工作到半夜。

It was demanded that the working conditions be improved as soon as possible. But nothing is different, just like what you can see now.

根据要求，工作条件要尽快的改进。但是，如同你看到的，什么都没改变。

关于现在完成时态的归纳

1. 现在完成时态的结构have/has+过去分词

2. 现在完成时涉及两个时间概念。一是过去，二是现在。谓语动词虽然所表示的动作发生在过去，但是该时态所强调的还是对现在的影响或结果。关键在于这种影响和结果正是说话人的兴趣所在。因而，该时态通常不带有时间状语。如：

The boy has come back.

孩子回来了。(意思是说孩子在家。)

I’ve lost my pen.

我把钢笔给丢了。(意思是说我现在没有钢笔用。)

3. 现在完成时态还可以用来表示开始于过去，且该状态一直延续至今而且还有可能继续下去的可能性的情况。谓语动词的动作通常是可持续的。如：

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

我在此住了二十多年了。

Nothing has happened ever since.

打那以后就什么也没有发生过，

4. 非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不带表示时间段的时间状语，因此不和for或者since连用。例如，不能说：

I have bought the house for two years / since two years ago.

而应当说：I bought the house two years ago.

或者说：I have had the house for two years.

或者说：It’s two years since I bought the house.

但是非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。如：

I haven’t bought anything for a week / since you left.

我已经有一个礼拜没有买东西了。/自从你离开以后我没有买过任何东西。

5. 同学们应当特别注意的是，现在完成时态是一个属于现在时态的范畴，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：

Now, today, this morning / week / month / year, by now, so far, up to now, already, before, just, ever, never, always, recently, lately.等等。如：

I have done nothing today.

我今天什么事情也没有干。

We have had four lessons this morning.

今天上午我们上了四节课。(说话时还没有超出上午的范围)

Have you seen her before?

你以前见过他吗?

6.当强调行为的行为时间、执行者、行为方式、行为场所、行为原因时，句中一般用一般过去时，而不用或者很少用现在完成时，间或用现在完成时也是为了强调结果。如：Who did it? How did he do it? Why did he do it? Where did he do it? When did he do it?

7.为了准确地判断动词的延续性和非延续性，请记住下面的歌诀：

动词延续非延续，要用“一直”加动词;

说得通是延续动词，说不通是非延续动词。

不能说：一直买buy/开始begin/借入borrow/到达reach,get to,arrive/参加join,等等。

可以说：一直有have/进行be on/保管keep/在……组织里be in/是……成员be a+身份

如以下所示：

He has gone there.

他上那儿去了。

He has been there for two days.

他上那儿去了两天了。

He has bought a book.

他买了一本书。

He has had the book for 3 weeks.

他买这本书三周了。

She has borrowed a dictionary.

她借了一本词典。

She has kept the dictionary for 2 weeks.

他借这本词典两周了。

练习

将下列句子翻译成英文。

1. 从两点钟起我就在这里了。

2. 她已经走了一个礼拜了。

3. 从上礼拜五他就生病了。

4. 他参军已经有五年了。

5. 自从五年前他就在这里了。

参考答案：

1. I have been here since two o’clock.

2. She has been away for a week.

3. He has been ill since last Friday.

4. He has been in the army for five years.

5. He has lived here since five years ago.

教学设计方案

Lesson 21

Period: The First Period

Content: Lesson 21

Properties: Tape recorder, Overhead Projector, TV, pictures.

Teaching Objectives: Make the students use the language point in the dialogues.

the usage of the present Perfect Tense

Language Focus:

1. Useful expressions: have an accident; hurt badly;

2. The present Perfect Tense:

What’s happened? They’ve had an accident. Has anyone called the police? Yes, they have. Teaching Procedures:

Ⅰ. Organizing the class

Ask the students to get ready for class.

Greetings between the teacher and the students and a duty report.