★不定式、分词作定语用法要点

一、不定式作定语

1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

Here is some paper for you to write on.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”)

Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?

(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)

3.用不定式作定语的几种情况：

不定式表将来：

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

二、分词作定语

1.作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：

The houses being built are for the teachers.

The broken glass is Tom’s.

I have never seen a more moving movie.

2.作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如：

falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子

boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)

三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别

这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：

Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?

He is a man loved and respected by all.

Don’t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.

现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。

如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

★不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点

一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help

此外，afford, strive(斗争) 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：

① She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.

二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。

consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk

此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。

① The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught.

② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。

1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事

remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事

regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事

stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情

try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事

mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)

can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事

2.动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

I’d like to go swimming this weekend.

3.在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：

allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.

allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.

如：We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

4.动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：

need / require / want doing / to be done

need / require / want sb. to do sth.

be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)

be worth doing be worthy of being done

be worthy of + n. 值得…… be worthy to be done

如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.

The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.

窗户需要擦一下。

The place is worth visiting.

The place is worthy of a visit.

The place is worthy of being visited.

The place is worthy to be visited.

那个地方值得一去。

如：① only one of these books is worth reading.

② — What do you think of the book ?

— Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a second time.

四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时，前面常带wh – 引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。

注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。例如：

He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)

I don’t know what to do. ( = I don’t know what I’ll do.)

Can you tell me why do it ?

五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：

We could do nothing but / other than wait.

We had nothing to do but / other than wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

I can’t choose but laugh.