★不定式、分词作状语用法要点

一、不定式作状语

He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)

They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。(表目的)

He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。(表示结果)

My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。(表示结果)

在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：

I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。

I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。

在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：

He was too excited not to say a few words.

他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。

He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。

She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。

注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。

He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。

To look at him, you would like him. (表条件)

To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修饰全句，独立成分)

二、分词作状语

1.分词作状语的基本原则

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。

分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。

2.分词作状语的句法功能

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：

Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)

Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)

Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)

Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)

The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)

The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)

3.独立成分作状语

有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

Generally speaking … 一般说来 Frankly speaking … 坦白地说

Judging from … 根据……来判断 Considering … 考虑到……

To tell you the truth … 说实话

★非谓语动词其它用法

一、疑问词 + 不定式结构

疑问词(who, which, when, where, how, what等)+ 不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：

I didn’t know what to do. (宾语)

When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主语)

My question was how to get so many books. (表语)

注意句型：Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?

二、不定式的主动和被动

1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：

Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)

2.不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：

She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)

I know what to do. (I do what.)

3.不定式作表语形容词的关语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如：

This book is difficult to understand.

This kind of fish is nice to eat.

4.在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：

There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )

There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )

请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：

There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)

There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)

三、不定式符号to 的保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try;或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。

如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。如：

I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

— Are you on holiday ?

— No, but I’d like to be.

— I didn’t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那个消息。

— Oh, you ought to have. 噢，你本应该告诉他的

四、动名词作主语

动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。

It is / was no use / good + doing sth.

It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.

It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.

It is / was useless

如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

It is of little good staying up too late every day.

每天都熬夜没有什么好处

若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

眼见为实。

五、注意以下表达的意义区别

falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶

boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开过的水

developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.

The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. )

看到蛇，女孩尖叫起来。

His frightening shout scared the boys again.

The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。

类似的还有：

an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音

a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情

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