注意：以下句子中常用what。(1) What season do you like best? 你最喜欢什么季节? (2) What day is today? 今天是星期几? (3) What's the date today? 今天是几号?

联想：somewhat adv. 稍微，有点whatever pron. 无论什么;凡是......的东西

拓展：What about...? (用于征求意见时)......怎么样(=How about); what if倘使......将会怎么样;即使......又有什么要紧;尽管......又有什么关系; what for为何目的;为什么what is more而且

3. Why does Sam need to know the time. 为什么Sam需要知道时间?(P. 10 Listen- ing Ex. 2 No.1) need:

(1) n. [U] 缺乏，缺少，需要 There is no need for you to be anxious. 你没必要焦虑的。

(2) n. [C]必需品 ￡10 a month will meet my needs. 一个月10英镑可满足我的需要。

(3) v. 需要 This job needs a lot of care, attention and time. 这工作需要花费很多心思和时间。She likes to feel needed. 她喜欢感觉有人需要她。

(4) v. aux. (无时态和人称变化;多用于疑问句和否定句;后接没有to的不定式;need not缩写为needn't)需要，必须 -- Need l go? 我必须去吗? -- Yes, you must. (No, you needn't.)是的，你必须去(不，你不必去)。He need not have come last night. 他昨晚本来没必要来的。(但实际来了)

注意：need not have done表示某一个已经发生的动作实际上不必发生，常译为"不必......也行"等。

比较：He didn't need to come last night. 他昨晚不必来。(实际上也没有来)

辨析：need, require与want: (1) 三者后接名词、代词或数词，意思为"要"或"需要"。三者后接被动的不定式或主动的动名词，意思为"需要"或"应该"。(2) need (需要) 和want (想要) 可以接主动的不定式作宾语，而require不可以。(3) require和want可以接复合宾语，而need不可以。(4) require可以接宾语从句，而且从句中的谓语动词必须用"(should+) 动词原形";need和want不可以。(5) need可以作情态动词，而require和want不可以。例如：The work needs / requires / wants patience. 这工作需要耐心。The house needs / requires / wants to be cleaned / cleaning. 这房子需要清扫。He needs / wants to see you. 他要见你。I require / want you to be here this evening. 我请你今晚到这儿来。They require that I (should) appear. 他们要求我出场。You need not write down your translation. 你们不必写下译文。

联想：(派) needful adj. 需要的，必须的needless adj. 无需的，不必要的needlessly adv. 不需地，无谓地 needy adj. 贫穷的，贫困的

拓展：at need紧急时; be / stand in need of 需要; if need be / were 如果必要的话; more than needs 超过需要; There is no need for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是不必要的。

4. ... and talk about what you believe may come true in the future. 谈一谈你认为将来可能实现的事?(P.10 Speaking 第四行)

(1) link. -v. 成为，变成 His dream came true. 他的梦想实现了。

(2) come + to do (不定式中的动词多为表示心理活动的动词，如：understand，realize) 终于......;开始......

I hope we'll be friends and come to understand each other.我希望我们成为朋友并逐渐相互理解。He came to realize that he was wrong. 他开始认识到自己错了。

辨析：get，go，turn与come

get强调造成事件的施动者发挥的作用或变化的结果。go常常表示不顾施动者的愿望而发生的变化，多用于表示恶化的情况。turn经常表示从某种状态向其对立状态转化的自然现象。come大都表示向好的方面转化。They got married 10 years ago. 他们10年前结的婚。Please don't get angry. 请别生气。The eggs went bad. 鸡蛋坏了。The telephone has gone dead. 电话断了。The weather has turned much colder. 天气变得冷多了。Everything will come right in the end. 最终一切事情总会变好的。

5. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever. 医生可能会找到一种让我们青春永驻的办法。(P.10 Speaking "Young forever" 第二个A)

部分名词后接不定式或介词 + 动名词

1) 在chance，way，opportunity，time等名词后，既可用不定式，又可用"介词 + 动名词"作定语。如：I'd like to have a chance to see / of seeing your teacher. 我想找个机会见一个你们的老师。I'm glad to have the opportunity to talk / of talking to you. 我很高兴能有这个机会跟你谈话。

2) 在ability，resolution，tendency等名词后，通常用不定式作后置定语。如：Does he have the ability to do the work? 他有做这项工作的能力吗? He has made a resolution to go abroad. 他决心出国。She has a tendency to become fat. 她有发胖的趋势。

3)当被修饰的普通名词前有序数词修饰时，该名词的后置定语也须用不定式而不是"介词 + 动名词"。Antonio Gaudi is the first one to understand that.安东尼奥是第一个理解那件事的人。He is always the first one to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来，最后一个离开。

4)而在habit，idea，intention，method，objection等名词后，通常只跟"介词+动名词"作定语。I have the habit of taking a nap after lunch. 我有午饭后睡午觉的习惯。She dismissed the idea of becoming an artist. 她打消了当艺术家的念头。He had no intention of keeping his word. 他不想遵守诺言。We like his methods of teaching English. 我们喜欢他教英语的方法。He had an objection to (prep.) doing it. 他反对做此事。

Section II 阅读

6. By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further,... 通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步... (P.11 第一段倒数第4-3行)

by prep. 表手段、方式或原因

(1) 以......，借助于......，用...... I go to school by bus, but my father goes to office by car. 我乘公共汽车上学，但我爸爸开车上班。I sent the letter by e-mail. 我将那封信以电子邮件寄出。

(2) 借、靠、因...(置于动名词前，表方法、手段、原因) You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour. 把鸡蛋和面粉混合，你就可以做出那种蛋糕。He caught (a) cold by playing soccer in the rain. 他因在雨中踢足球而感冒了。

注意：置于by之后表示交通工具的名词，前面不加冠词，但指特定之物时则须加冠词。He left by the 10：30 train. 他坐10：30的火车走了。

7. He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were consider- ed impossible in his own time. 他还提出将来如何用发明来使人类作出他那个时代被认为是不可能做到的事情。(P. 11 第一段 倒数2行)suggest:　1) suggest (1) v. 建议、提议 I suggest finishing now. 我建议现在做完。He suggested a walk. 他提议去散散步。(2) v. 显出 Her yawn suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。Her look suggests that she is very happy.从她的表情可看得出她很高兴。(3) v. 表"建议"，后跟宾语从句时，用虚拟语气，从句中谓语动词常用"(should) + 动词原形"。He suggested that the work (should) be started at once. 他建议立即动工。It is suggested that the work (should) be finished as soon as possible. 有人提议那项工作要尽早完成。

注意："建议某人做某事"不可用suggest sb. to do sth. 句型，但可用advise sb. to do sth. suggest只有一个宾语。我向他提议我们早点动身去机场。

误：I suggested him that we leave early for the airport.

正：I suggested to him that we leave early for the airport.

提示：表示向某人建议某事用to sb. 置于宾语之后;也可以因强调宾语或句子结构的需要而置于宾语之前，但不可以省去to;类似的动词有：explain解释;announce宣布，通知;report报告，报到。

补充：suggest(ion)等后用虚拟语气的情况：我们表示"建议""要求""命令""应当做......"这一意义时，suggest等动词后的宾语从句中的谓语常用"(should+) 动词原形";这类动词的字头记忆口诀是：I DROP CAPS，具体为：insist坚持;demand要求，desire要求，请求;request请求，require需要;要求;order命令;propose建议;command命令;ask要求;advise建议;prefer宁愿;suggest建议 (1) 这些动词变被动语态 (如：It is suggested + that主语从句)形式后，主语从句谓语动词仍用"(should+)动词原形"。 (2) 这些动词变名词(如：suggestion)后，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用"(should+)动词原形。" (3) 此类动词不表达"某事必须或很重要"这一意义时，宾语从句中不用虚拟语气。She insisted that she heard somebody in the house. 她坚持说她听到房子里有人。Her expression suggested she was angry. 她的表情表明她很生气。

2) allow (1) v. 允许，准许 They do not allow smoking here. 他们不允许在这里抽烟。They allowed her to go to the party. 他们允许她去参加聚会。(2) v. 给予，提供(钱或时间) He allows his son ten dollars a month. 他每月给儿子10元钱。Your gift allows me to buy a car. 你的赠礼使我能够买一辆车了。The facts allow no other explanation. 这些事实不容易做解释。

辨析：allow，permit与let: (1) allow和permit都表示"允许"，用法也一样，在许多情况下可以互相换用，只是词义的强弱上有些差别。(2) allow词义较弱，含有"听任""默许""不加阻止"的意思。permit词义较强，强调"正式认可""批准"的意思。let表示"让"，词义最弱，较口语化，用法上也不同于allow和permit;在let后面的宾补为不带to的动词不定式;let一般不能用被动语态。That teacher allows too much noise in the classroom. 那位老师听任教室里大声吵闹。Schools do not permit smoking. 学校不准吸烟。The nurse allowed him to remain there, though it was not permitted. 护士让他留在那里，虽然这是(规定)不允许的。Let me help you. 让我帮你吧。

8. ... and it is believed to be caused by a sea monster. 人们认为这是由于一种海中怪兽造成的。(P. 11 第二段第2行) cause:

(1) v. 导致;成为......的原因;使发生He often causes trouble to / for people. 他常给人们惹麻烦。His illness caused him to miss the game. 他因病不能参加比赛。

(2) n. [C] 原因，起因Careless is often the cause of fires. 粗心大意常常是火灾的起因。

(3) n. [C] (人们强烈维护或支持的)原则或运动She fought for the cause all her life. 她一生都在为事业奋斗。

辨析：cause，reason，excuse与grounds

cause"起因";指引起某种后果的起因。reason"理由，原因";指决定做某一件事或采取某一行动的理由;由此而得出结论或解释。excuse"辩解，借口";指为某一行为所做的解释，可以是真的，也可以是推托之辞。grounds"根据，理由";指有根据的理由。The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast. 事故的原因是他车开得太快。The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 我没来是因为我生病了。Too much work is no excuse for not studying. 工作太忙不能成为不学习的理由。We have good grounds to believe his story. 我们有充分的理由相信他的话。

9. Dr Aronnax, his servant and a Canadian whale hunter set out to find the monster. 爱瑞纳克斯博士，他的仆人和一位加拿大的猎鲸手出发去寻找这只海怪。(P.11 第二段 倒数第1行) set out:

(1) 开始，着手 They set out to perform the operation. 他们开始做手术。They set out to work as soon as they arrived. 他们一到就干了起来。

(2) 启程，动身Half an hour later we set out again on our journey. 半小时之后，我们又启程赶路了。They set out for Rome. 他们动身去罗马。

比较：(1) set about开始，着手 He set about washing his car. (= He set out to wash his car.) 他开始洗涮汽车。

I'll set about preparing supper. (= I'll set out to prepare supper.) 我要开始准备晚饭了。(2) set off出发、动身 We all set off for New York next Tuesday. (= We all set out for New York next Tuesday.) 下星期二我们将动身去纽约。They have set off on a journey round the world. (=They have set out on a journey round the world.) 他们已出发作环球旅行。

归纳：set out (1) 动身、出发 (set off) (2) 开始、着手 (= set about) 其中out，off为副词，about为介词。

拓展：set sb. an example = set an example to sb. 为某人树立榜样; set about 着手(开始)做; set aside 存蓄，留出; set fire to 点燃，生火; set foot in / on 登上，涉足;访问; set off 出发，动身; set to work (使)开始干

10. ... the three companions are thrown overboard.三个伙伴都被撞翻到船外。(P.12第一段 第2行)

overboard: adv.自船边缘落入水中They were thrown overboard when they were on the sea. 他们出海时船翻了。

辨析：aboard，board，on board与abroad

aboard adv.在船 (飞机、车)上;上船(飞机、车) / board vt. 上车，上船 / on board 在船 (车等)上，上船 (车等) / abroad adv. 在国外，到国外 The boat is ready to leave. All aboard! 船就要开了，请大家上船。It's time to go aboard. 该上船(火车、飞机)了。

注意：aboard作副词时只用在动词之后。

board vt. 上车、上船 Then we boarded the bus and headed for the airport. 然后我们上了汽车向机场开去。What time shall we go on board? 我们什么时候上船(车)?

注意：on board作形容词或副词性短语时，一般作"在船上..." "上船"解。He lives abroad for many years. 他在国外侨居多年。They are sent abroad to work. 他们被派驻国

外工作。

注意：abroad通常用在行为动词后作状语，用在be动词后作表语。abroad可与from连用，作"从国外"解。

The professor is engaged from abroad. 这位教授是从国外聘来的。

11. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself,... 在他们努力求生时，却发现自己就在这头怪兽的身体表面。(P.12 第一段2-4行)

1) effort n. 努力;尽力 He lifted the heavy box without effort. 他毫不费力地举起了那个重箱子。The prisoner made an effort to escape but he failed. 那犯人企图越狱，但没有成功。

辨析：effort，effect，affect与afford

effect n. 影响、效果 / affect v. 影响 / afford v. 花费得起;买得起;力足以 His stomachache is an effect of overeating. 他因为吃得过量而肚子痛。Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。Since she lost her job, she can't afford to have a car. 自从她下岗以后，就用不起汽车了。I can't afford three weeks away from work. 我不能放下工作外出三个星期。

拓展：make an effort to do sth. 尽力做....../ redouble one's efforts 加倍努力 / spare no effort(s) to do sth 不遗余力做 / make a good effort 做很大的努力 / make every effort 尽一切努力 / do sth. without effort 毫不费力做

2) find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

(1) find + 宾语 + 宾补 (形容词) We found the prin- ciples easy to understand. 我们发现这些原理很容易理解。

(2) find + 宾语 + 宾补 (名词) You will find it a difficult book. 你会发现这是本很难的书。

(3) find + 宾语 + 宾补 (现在分词) He found a number of people already working there. 我发现很多人已经在那里干了。

(4) find + 宾语 + 宾补 (过去分词) He found the place much changed. 他发现这 地方有了很大变化。

(5) find + 宾语 + 宾补 (不定式) We found him to be dishonest. 我们发现他不老实。