编辑:sx_wangha
2012-09-14
非谓语动词,亦可称之为非限定动词,即不在句中做谓语的动词形式,非谓语动词没有单复数变化和人称变化,但具有动词的特点,有时态和语态的变化,也可以作宾语和状语,形成非谓语动词短语,即不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语。非谓语动词可以有逻辑主语,其否定形式无论其结构是单一形式还是复合式,都在前面直接加 not 构成。
1.9.2. 非谓语动词的种类和形式
非谓语动词分为不定式、动名词和分词三种。它们在句中的作用及其各种形式见下表:
表一:
作用 种类 |
主语 |
宾语 |
表语 |
定语 |
状语 |
补语 |
同位语 |
|
不定式 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
动名词 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
分 词 |
现在分词 |
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
过去分词 |
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
表二:
种类 |
语态 |
一般式 |
完成式 |
进行式 |
完成进行式 |
|
不定式 |
主动 |
to do |
to have done |
to be doing |
to have been doing |
|
被动 |
to be done |
to have been done |
|
|
||
动名词 |
主动 |
doing |
having done |
|
|
|
被动 |
being done |
having been done |
|
|
||
分 词 |
现在分词 |
主动 |
doing |
having done |
|
having been doing |
被动 |
being done |
having been done |
|
|
||
过去分词 |
done |
|
|
|
1.9.3. 非谓语动词的用法
1.9.3.1. 不定式
1.9.3.1.1. 不定式的时态和语态
不定式有两种语态、四种时态形式。
1. 主动语态:表示不定式的动作与其逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系,即主动关系。
(1) 一般式(to do):表示不定式的行为或状态与谓语同时或几乎同时或在其后发生。
Mary seems to be very happy today.
(2) 完成式(to have done):表示不定式的动作于谓语动词之前完成。
He seemed to have cleaned the room.
(3) 进行式(to be doing):特别强调谓语的动作或状态发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。
The boy pretended to be sleeping when I came in.
(4) 完成进行式(to have been doing):表示不定式的动作在谓语动词动作发生前一直在进行。
He pretended to have been working all the morning.
2. 被动语态:表示不定式和其逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系,即被动关系。
(1) 一般式(to be done)
He asked to be taken to Beijing.
(2) 完成式(to have been done)
He seemed to have been scolded by someone.
1.9.3.1.2. 不定式在句中的用法
1. 作主语
To say is one thing; to do is another.
(1) 不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
To master one or two foreign languages seems necessary for a college student.
(2) 不定式作主语,特别是当这个不定式短语较长时,通常放在谓语之后,用 it 代替它作形式主语。
常用句型有:It is +形容词或名词+ to do sth. 形容词有easy,hard,difficult,possible,necessary,important,nice,right,wrong,safe,interesting 等;名词有(great) fun,a pity,a shame,a good habit,one’s duty,a pleasure 等。
It’s a great pleasure to talk with you.
(3) 在感叹句或疑问句中,不定式短语不能直接作主语。
(×)What a joy to read Shakespeare is!
(√)What a joy (it is) to read Shakespeare!
(×)Is to smoke a bad habit?
(√)Is it a bad habit to smoke?
(×)How long does to get there take?
(√)How long does it take to get there?
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