There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

6. 副词作定语：

The best boy here is Tom. 这里最棒的男孩是Tom。

7. 不定式作定语：

Will you attend the meeting to be held tomorrow?

8. 分词(短语)作定语：

The pen bought by her is made in China. 她买的笔是中国产的。

9. 定语从句：

There are five boys who will play the game. 参加游戏的男孩有五个。

二、状语

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，表示方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如often)或程度(如almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。

有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成”男孩喊教室里的女孩”(此时in the classroom为girl的定语)，也可以理解为“男孩在教室里喊女孩”，最好写作In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.

①副词(短语)作状语：

The boy needs a pen very much. 男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)

The boy really needs a pen. 男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)

The boy needs a pen now. =Now, the boy needs a pen. =The boy, now, needs a pen.(时间状语)

②介词短语作状语：

In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)

On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)

③分词(短语)作状语：

He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)

Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. (因为)受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)

④不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)

To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.

⑤名词作状语：

Come this way! 走这条路!(方向状语)

⑥状语从句：

时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(because)、结果(such…that)、目的(in order that)、比较(as…as)、让步(although)、条件(if)、方式(as 按照)

三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并对前者加以说明的成分。

We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’)

We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’)

四、插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe等。

The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.

五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。

错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.

正确：Studying hard, you will make your score go up.

解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即your score 。显然study的主语应是人，而不是your score。

分词独立结构有时可省略being, having been

Game (being) over, he went home.

He stands there, book (being) in hand.

独立结构还可用with, without引导，作状语或定语。With+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语/副词/名词。

With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. 无事可做，他很快就睡着了。

The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose. 老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。

句子成分练习题

(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall.

A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast

⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework

⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

A. want B. to tell C. you D. is

⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

A. We B. had C. send D. doctor

⑨ He is interested in music.

A. is B. interested C. in D. music

⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

A. give B.did C. whom D. book

(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.

⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.

(四) 挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired.

② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

(五) 挑出下列句中的定语

① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.

② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

(七) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?