S: Stephen Hawking.?

Ss: ...

T: Well done.?

Step 6 Quiz

T: You have already known some information about some of the great scientists.Now let’s do a quiz, trying to find out who these scientists are.?

Quiz Questions

1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?

2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?

3.Who invented the first steam engine??

4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their children??

5.Who discovered radium??

6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities??

7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people??

8.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground??

9.Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened??

10.Who put forward a theory about black holes??

Check the answers with the students.?

1.Archimedes　2.Charles Darwin　3.James Watt　4.Gregor Mendel?5.Madame Curie?6.Faraday　7.Leonardo davinci　8.Humphrey Davy?9.Zhang Heng?10.Stephen Hawking

T: Please work in groups and have a discussion to find as much information as possible about these ten great scientists.?

(The teacher had better join in the discussion and give them some guidance whenever necessary.After the discussion, ask some students to give a short report about what the group have discussed.)?

(Refer to the information about these scientists below, and various answers are possible.)?

Step 7 Practice

T: Today we have learned a lot about great scientists in the world.We can learn from them to live our dreams.And we teachers are too willing to help you.In your opinion, what should our school /teachers/students do to tap the students’ potential??

S: Our school should give the students more chances to take part in social practice.?

S: Our teachers should help the students use their imaginations.?

S: We students should solve the problems on our own.

(Ask more students to give their opinions.The teacher should encourage them, join them, praise them, and make comments on their ideas.)?

Step 8 Discussion (Group Competition)

T: Your ideas are so wonderful and amazing.I admire them very much.Now let’s come to our topic.

Topic 1: What can you learn from these scientists??

Topic 2: What qualities should we have to be a successful man??

(Give the students several minutes to have a discussion.Then let them have a group competition.)

Step 9 Summing up

T: In this period, we have talked a lot about great scientists.You have a lot of previous knowledge and you are full of imagination and creativity.Those scientists set good examples to us.And I think all of us are happy about learning more of them.After class, it’s better to read some books about them and you can surf the Internet to get more information.And I’d like you to make a“Scientists Album”in the following week.?

The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 1　Great scientists

Period 1　Welcome to the Unit

Brainstorming

Research and Activities

DIY

1.Cover a glass of water with a piece of thick paper.Put one hand on the paper and turn the glass upside down.Slowly take your hand away.What happens?Why??

2.Fill one glass with fresh water and another glass with salt water. Put an ice cube in each glass.What happens?Why?

3.Find out as many famous sayings from those scientists as possible.

Reference for Teaching

1.Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury(shropshire) to a moderately wealthy family with a strong intellectual heritage.His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a physician, poet and biologist who laid some of the groundwork for the grandson’s revolutionary ideas.Charles attended Christ’s College at Cambridge with initial thoughts of entering the clergy, but soon took up studies in biology, zoology and geology.From 1831 to 1836, he served as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle on its scientific mission to South America and the Pacific.Back in England, he published a series of scientific treatises which established his reputation as one of the prominent thinkers of his day.From 1842 onwards, he lived on a country estate in Kent and pursued his studies among its gardens and livestock.?

By 1844, he had written the initial draft of his groundbreaking treatise on evolution and natural selection.However, he left this work unpublished for several years, preferring to refine and elaborate its core ideas.In 1858, he read a forthcoming paper by a fellow scientist Alfred Russell Wallace whose thesis closely paralleled Darwin’s own unpublished ideas, an event which pushed Darwin to go public with his own research.Both Wallace’s and Darwin’s papers were presented to the Linnean Society in a famous July, 1858 meeting. Darwin published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, sparking decades of contentious debate which ultimately led to the universal scientific recognition of Darwin’s thesis.In later years, he developed his ideas further in monographs on diffe rent types of plant and animal life.

Notes:

Shrewsbury: 什鲁斯伯里[英国英格兰西部城市]?

physician: 内科医生 (注意区分physicist, 物理学家) ?

revolutionary: 创新的?

HMS: (英国)皇家海军舰船 (Her/His Majesty’s Ship)?

treatises: 论文?

2.Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England.His parents’ house was in north London, but during the Second World War Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies.When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London.At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father’s old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have prefe rred medicine.Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead.After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.

Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time.His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for th e University.It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe.With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes.These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century.One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear.Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time.This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.?

His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel.Stephen Hawking has two popular books published: his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays.?

Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989.He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences.?

Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.

3.Humphry Davy, a woodcarver’s son, was born in Penzance in 1778. After being educated in Truro, Davy was apprenticed to a Penzance surgeon.In 1797 he took up chemistry and was taken on by Thomas Beddoes, as an assistant at his Medical Pneumatic Institution in Bristol.Here he experimented with various new gases and discovered the anesthetic effect of laughing gas (nitrous oxide).

Davy published details of his research in his book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1799).This led to Davy being appointed as a lecturer at the Royal Institution.He was a talented teacher and his lectures attracted large audiences.?

In 1806 Davy published On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity. The following year he discovered that the alkalis and alkaline earths are compound substances formed by oxygen united with metallic bases.He also used electrolysis to discover new metals such as potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium.?

Davy was now considered to be Britain’s leading scientist and in 1812 was knighted by George Ⅲ.With his assistant, Michael Faraday, Davy travelled abroad investigating his theory of volcanic action.?

In 1815 Humphry Davy invented a safety lamp for use in gassy coalmines, allowing deep coal seams to be mined d espite the presence of firedamp (methane).This led to some controversy as George Stephenson, working in a colliery near Newcastle, also produced a safety lamp that year.Both men claimed that they were first to come up with this invention.?

One of Davy’s most important contributions to history was that he encourage manufacturers to take a scientific approach to production.His discoveries in chemistry helped to improv e several industries including agriculture, mining and tanning.Sir Humphry Davy died in 1829.

4.Leonardo da Vinci(b.1452, Vinci, Republic of Florence [now in Italy]—d.May 2, 1519, Cloux, Fr.), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.His Last Suppe (1495-1497) and Mona Lisa (1503-1506) are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance.His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of his time.?

5.Madam Curie is a French professor of physics.She was born in Poland in 1867.In 1891 she went to study in Paris University because at that time women were not admitted to universities in Poland.When she was studying in Paris, she lived a poor life, but she worked very hard.In 1895 she married Pierre Curie, and then they worked together on the research into radioactive matter.They discovered two kinds of radioactive matter—polonium and radium.In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for physics.In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on wor king.She received a second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911.So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.

6.James Watt: British engineer and inventor who made fundamental improvements in the steam engine, resulting in the modern, high-pressure steam engine (patented 1769).?

7.Gregor Mendel was an Austrian botanist and founder of the science of genetics.Through years of experiments with plants, chiefly garden peas, he discovered the principle of the inheritance of characteristics through the combination of genes from parent cells.?

8.Archimedes: Greek mathematician, engineer, and physicist.Among the most important intellectual figures of ant iquity, he discovered formulas for the area and volume of various geometric figures, applied geometry to hydrostatics and mechanics, devised numerous ingenious mechanisms, such as the Archimedean screw, and discovered the principle of buoyancy.

9.Michael Faraday (September 22, 1791—August 25, 1867) was a British scientist(a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He also invented the earliest form of the device that was to bec ome the Bunsen burner, which is used almost universally  in science laboratories as a convenient source of heat.?

Michael Faraday was one of the great scientists in history.Some historians of science refer to him as the greatest experimentalist in the history of science.It was largely due to his efforts that electricity became a viable technology.The SI unit of capacitance, the farad(symbol F) is named after him.

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