Grammar    导学单(四)

教学目标：复习被动语态。各种时态下被动语态的结构和用法。能辨别被动语态与系表结构。

Look at the following sentences, paying attention to the underlined part.

1.Knives are used for cutting things.

2.The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.

3.Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity by us.

4.Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.

5.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

6.My bike is being repaired by Tom now

Discovering useful structures Go over the passive voice

be + V+-ed/-en/-t

My hamburger was eaten by the dog.

A new hospital will be built in our city.

使用被动语态的情况

1.我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的时候(这时不带by引起的短语)。

Printing was introduced to Europe from China. (省略了by短语。)

Look! There is nothing here. Everything has been taken away. (省略了by短语。)

2.当我们出于礼貌、措辞委婉等方面 考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁时。

You are requested to give a performance.

You are cordially (诚挚地) invited to a party to be given at the Teachers' Club at 3 p.m. Nov. 23.

3.当我们强调或兴趣在动作的承受 时(这时可带by引起的短语)。

The song was composed (组成; 写作)by a student.

A good time was had by all.

被动语态的构成

被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

一般现在时：am/is/are + given

The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.

一般过去时：was/were + given

These computers were made in our own country.

一般将来时：will/shall be + given

Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?

过去将来时：would be + given

The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

现在进行时：am/is/are being + given

Trees are being planted over there by them.

过去进行时：was/were being + given

The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky.

现在完成时：have/has been + given

Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.

过去完成时：had been + given

The huge bridge had been damaged before the World War II.

将来完成时：will/shall have been + given

The book will have been published by the end of next month.

含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态：情态动词 + be + 过去分词

This problem can be solved.

What’s done cannot be undone.

George might be sent to America by his company in August.

类似结构(be going to, have to等)变成被动语态：

This room is going to be painted next week.

Go away! I want to be left alone.

一些特殊的被动语态

1. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语(指人的宾语)。

They didn’t offer Ann the job.

Ann wasn’t offered the job.

2. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。

They make her clean the floor. She is made to clean the floor by them.

3. It + be + 过去分词 + that从句 (=主语+ be + 过去分词 + to do sth.)

表示：据说/据报道/据悉/据信等……

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.

The boy is said to have passed the national exam.

4.动词get代替be。(get往往用在口语中。)

There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt.

get + done 同 be + done 的区别：

get done 往往表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。如：

The dog got run over by a car.

不可以变成被动语态

1. 某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。

cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell, read, write

. The dish tastes delicious.

The theory proved right at last.

. The book is so interesting that it sells well.

“sells”此处为不及物动词“销售起来; 有销路”的意思;作及物动词为“卖; 出售”

This kind of cloth washes well. (耐洗)

2.need + V- ing     表示“主语承受动词发出的动作”，表示被动意义。

我的车需要修理。My car needs repairing (= to be repaired).

3. 某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：

beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit，become, contain, cost, have, lack, resemble (相似), suit等。

This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.

4. 通常只有及物动词(组)才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。

如：战争爆发了。

可以说：The war broke out.  但不能说：The war was broke out.

被动结构与系表结构的区别

“be + 过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：

被动结构 The enemy was soon surrounded by us.

系表结构 The house is surrounded by trees.

被动结构 She was bitten by the dog in the darkness.

系表结构 I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted.

课堂检测

1.Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _____ to his old ways.

A. returned         B. returns   C. was returning     D. had returned

2.In some parts of the world, tea _____ with milk and sugar.

A. is serving       B. is served  C. serves           D. served

3. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and ______ already.

A. sell, have been sold out           B. sold, had sold out

C. sell, sell out                    D. are sold, have been sold out

4. The train ____ arrive at 11:30, but it was an hour late.

A. was about to     B. was likely to  C. was supposed to   D. was certain to

5.This dictionary mustn’t ____ from the library.

A. take away       B. taken away  C. are taken away    D. be taken away

6. My shoes _____. I went out for a new pair.

A. is worn out        B. wore out     C. were worn off     D. were worn out

7. That kind of shirts _______ cotton.

A. is made from       B. are made from    C. is made of    D. are made of

8. Rice ______ in South China.

A. growing           B. is grown        C. are grown     D. is grow

9. All the preparations for the task ______, and we’re ready to start.

A. completed      B. Complete  C. had been completed  D. have been completed

10. The teacher told his students that they____ to be useful men to the country.

A. were all expected   B. were all expecting C. all were expected  D. all expected

11. Some of the hotels in my hometown  _______.

A. have now been rebuilding                B. are now rebuilding

C. are now being rebuilt                    D. are rebuilt now

用被动语态改换下列各句。

1. My father will repair my bike for me.

My bike _______________by my father for me.

2. I have found my wallet.

My wallet ________________________.

3. She told me to wait here for her.

I __________________ to wait here for her.

4. The police will surely arrest the murderer.

The murderer ____________________by the police.

5. They invited Mr. Green to make a speech.

Mr. Green ____________________ to make a speech.

6. The students clean their classroom every day.

Their classroom_________________ by the  students every day.

Using Language            导学单(五)

Reading :

一.Fast reading:

1.What’s the  main idea of the text ?

(Introduction a famous American science fiction writer Issac Asimov’s life and works .)

2  How many years did Issac Asimov work in store? (d)

A 5     B  9   C  11    D 13

3. Who was Issac Asimov?(c)

A.  An American scientist and writer who got his PhD in physics in 1948.

B. An Russian scientist and writer who married twice.

C. An Russian - American scientist and writer who became a full time writer in 1958.

D. An American - Russian scientist and writer who had 2 children.

4. In which book did he develop a set of three laws? (b)

A. The Foundation Trilogy   B. I, Robot

C. In his first novel       D. In his first science book.

5. What was Asimov best known for? (b)

A. His mystery stories.     B. His science fiction stories.

C. His science and history books.

D. His books about the Bible and about Shakespeare.

6. .All the followings are true except_____.(a)

A. Asimov’s talent for writing wasn’t  obvious when he was young.

B. He began having his stories published in science magazine in 1939.

C. He published his first novel in 1950.

D. He published his first science book in 1953.

7. What might happen in a world where there were robots if Asimov’s three laws didn’t exist? (d)

A. Maybe robots will harm or injure human beings.

B. Maybe robots will disobey human beings.

C. In order to protect their own existence, robots may injure human beings.

D. All of the above.

8 Why could Issac Asimov become a writer ?  (c)

A A friend of his made him a writer

B His parents wanted him to be a writer

C He had the talent for writing

D He had so many experiences in his life .

9  Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text ?  (c)

A Issac Asimov didn’t publish books until he became a fulltime writer .

B Issac Asimov’s ideas about robots completely influenced scientists researching into artificial intelligence

C Robots should protect human beings in “I,robot .”

D Issac Asimov wrote some famous plays about Shakespeare .

二.Careful reading:

Read about Isaac Asimov and complete the timeline of the events in his life.

Date              Event

_1920____           Born in Russia.

_1922____      ______Sister born___.

__1923____     ____Moved with family to New York___Started working in a candy store              Parents bought a candy store.

__1929___     _started working  in candy store__________________________.

Mother had her third child.

___1931_     Started to take himself seriously as a writer.

1939______Began having stories published in science fiction magazines_____________________________

_1941_______     __Gained master’s  degree  in chemistry______________________________.

____1942__________   Finished working in the candy store

___Got   married_____________________________

__1942-1945___      ___Worked  as junior chemist ,Philadelphia Navy Yard____

_1948______        Got PhD in chemistry

___1949____     Became a biochemistry teacher, Boston University School of Medicine.

__1950____      Published  his first novel.

___Published  I,  Robot.____.Developed three laws for robots.

1951-1953    Published “The Foundation Trilogy” and

won an award for it.

_1953____          Published first science book

1958_____          Became a full-time writer.

_1973_______             Divorced his first wife.

__Married  for a  second  time________________________.

_1983____         Had a blood transfusion. Became infected

with HIV.

1992             _Died  in New  York_______________________

三.课后检测

Ⅰ.Complete the following sentences with proper words.

1. Bad customs and laws ought to be a            now because they aren’t suitable for our society.

2. The Prime Minister was forced to r            because he didn’t take effective measures to solve the problem.

3. When it comes to             (政治), I know nothing.

4. A war was fought in the United States in the 19th century to liberate black people from

(奴隶制).

5. Peter is very interested in Chinese             (文学) and wants to work in China after graduation.

Ⅱ. Complete the following sentences without changing their meanings.

1. It is known that low-carbon lifestyle is of great benefit to improving the world environment.

It is known that low-carbon lifestyle is                         improving the world environment.

2. I have changed my mind; that is to say, I have decided to accept this position in your department.

I have changed my mind;                        , I have decided to accept this position in your department.

3. Lucy has her own shortcomings, but, in short, she is a good helper.

Lucy has her own shortcomings, but,                        , she is a good helper.

Ⅲ. Complete the following sentences with proper words.

1. It’s a nice house and it’s h            for the station.

2. You will make a great p            by selling the house now; if you wait, the price may go down.

3. Bitterly disappointed, Scots and his             (同伴) set out on the return journey.

4. Jack got two             (证书) at university by working hard.

5. The church, designed by two Italian             (建筑师) one hundred years ago, is still in good condition.

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