于限制性定语从句，表示主动的动作或动作正在进行。

Anyone swimming will be punished.

The road joining the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村子的路非常宽。

③现在分词的被动语态作后置定语(既表示被动，也表示动作正在进行)

The question being discussed is very important.

Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher?

3.In 1892 the age of mass arrival began, during which 15 million new people passed through Ellis into the USA. over a period of 62 years.

1)mass是名词，意为“大量，大批”，mass arrival是名词修饰名词，mass作定语。英语中名词修饰名词是常有的现象。如：

head teacher班主任 express train快车

news broadcast 新闻广播 welcome speech 欢迎词

time table时间表 orange juice 橘子汁

press conference 记者招待会 research project研究计划

power plant电厂 weather forecast天气预报

2)pass through为固定短语，含义为“穿过，通过，路过”，其中 through既可当介词用，也可当副词用。如：

He passed through unspeakable difficulties.

We're just passing through on our way to Shanghai

4.now that，due to，because of，owing to，since，as

1)now that.作“既然”时相当于since.突出事实性，而as作“既然”语气较弱。有时now that中的that可省去。如：

Now(that)you are well again，you can travel.你既然恢复了健康，就能够旅行了。

2)due to作“由于，因为，应归功于”时常作表语或跟在名词后。如：

The flight was cancelled due to the storm.班机因暴风雨停航了。

3)because of“由于，因为”只能引导副词短语，在句中作状语或表语。如：

Lincoln is admired because of his leadership.林肯由于出色的领导而受到人们的赞赏。

4)owing to“由于，因为”常在现代英语中与 because of，due to换用。如：

Owing to unfavourable weather，I was unable to carry on with it.由于天气不好。我不能把它进行下去。

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