该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。
the ability to do
该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。
the need to do
该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。
the way to do
该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。
6) 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词
其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something (习惯于做某事)
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something
I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。
7) 分清宾补的类别
(1)感官动词后的宾补可以是
doing, do, done, being done的结构，其中being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如find, smell, feel等。
(2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事
have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
won't have somebody do something 不许某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + ving 让……一直……
(3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的结构,表示主动和正在进行。
(4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解决
leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，表示将来
(5)with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。
with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。
with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。
with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。
with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。
8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行
9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词,如果两者都可，又有什么差别。
既可接不定式,又可接动名词,用法有别的动词常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。
10)注意want/need/require表示"需要"时的特殊句式
want/need/require表"需要"时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。
3. 自我测试
以上我们简要分析了四级英语测试中非谓语动词的考查特点和应对策略，下面，请同学们做《语法分册》第八、九两章中的自测练习。
二、 比较级
1. Test Yourself
在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先看以下几题。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)
A. are the most three common means
B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means
D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)
A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)
A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)
A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)
A. and B. than C. as D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)
A. to be paid more than a month late
B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more
D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)
A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
参考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
2. 比较级测试特点
在四级测试中，比较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有
1)比较级形式的判断
比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择，more than 与as/so …as的选择。如上面的③，⑤。
2)比较级的修饰语
比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。
结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如①，②和④。
修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。
3)比较级结构与其它结构的区别
如⑧中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，⑨中most 与the most的区别。
3. 比较级应对策略
1)如果选项中有比较级结构，则该题则为比较级考查题，可根据比较级使用规则选择正确答案。
2)比较级修饰语应注意more than 或as…as结构之前。
3)注意比较结构的完整性，要么是more than 结构，要么是as/so …as 结构，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。
4)注意结构的各种变体：
结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。
5)如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。如：
His English is better than anyone else's in his class.
4. 自我测试
请根据《语法分册》第十二章自检
三、 情态动词
1. Test Yourself
首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题：
1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1)
A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to
2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1)
A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done
3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.(1998.6)
A. mustn't have done B. wouldn't have done C. mightn't have done D. didn't have to do
4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1)
A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well
5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6)
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for
two weeks.(19996.1)
A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen
7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6)
A. can't have been B. shouldn't have been C. mustn't have been D. wouldn't have been
参考答案
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A
2.情态动词的测试要点
从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几点。
1)情态动词的基本用法，如①④⑤。
2)情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。
3)情态动词的推测性用法⑦。
3. 情态动词的应对策略
情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义。解题时注意以下几点：
1)情态动词自身结构要正确
结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情态动词后接原形动词，测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰项，如①。四个选项都与请求有关，但would you mind后接动名词，一般说would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形动词，答案是would you please?
2)注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。
在情态动词的推测性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为：
must只用于肯定句中。
can/could不能用语肯定句中。
may/might不能用语疑问句中。
另外还应注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。
考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, can't用而不是may, may not。如：
He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.
Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.
3) 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。
如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词
He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
4) 注意"情态动词+动词的完成形式"所表达的意思与题干意思是否相符。
其它"情态动词+ 动词的完成形式"并不表示推测，而分别表示：
could have done本来能够
He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though.
A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won
needn't have done 本来没不要
You ________. There was plenty of time.
A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry
C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried
should/ought to have done 本来应该
You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told
C. need to tell D. needn't have told
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本来不应该
You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6)
C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
might have done 本来应该(用来表示一种责备)
You ______ even though you were busy at that time.
A. might help him B. must have helped him
C. might have helped him D. should help him
这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，同学们应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。
5) 注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能
其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威胁"、"许诺"或征求许可，may/might as well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。
4. 自我训练
请同学们做《语法分册》第十章测试题自检。
四、 倒装
倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都有哪些特点，如何应对，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。
1.Test Yourself.
1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the
importance of it.(19995.1)
A. if only I could not B. no more than I could
C. or I could not D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted
responsibly.(19996.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone
in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6)
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)
A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
参考答案：
1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A
2.倒装测试范围和应对策略
倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部分倒装。对于倒装句型同学们所应注意的就是在哪些情况下需要倒装，并且如何倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。
1) 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。
同学们应注意常用否定词语，如：hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only… but also.., neither … nor…等。如果是在从句的句首，则从句倒装，如4)题。
2) only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。
Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如：
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.
3) Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示"也/也不……"，如上面的2)3)题。
4) There/here/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首，要全部倒装。如：
There stands a monument in the center of the square.
Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.
On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.
5) 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成"分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.
6) so/such…. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.
3.自我检测
请同学们根据《语法分册》第二十二章练习自检。
同学们，英语的语法是一个包容性很广的话题，在这里我们很难穷尽四级考试中涉及的方方面面，语法能力的培养要靠同学们平时的训练。不管怎样，希望我的讲解对各位同学能有一定的帮助，愿同学们顺利通过语法这一关。
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