◆三 主动语态和被动语态的转换

1.双宾语的被动形式

双宾语的句子在变为被动语态时，有两种变法：

① 如果把指人的间接宾语变为主语，那么指物的直接宾语保留不动。如：His teacher gave him a book .→He was given a book by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→I have been bought a present .

② 如果要将指物的直接宾语变为主语，那么动词后要用介词to / for，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。如：His teacher gave him a book .→A book was given to him by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→A present has been bought for me .

※ 常见的能接双宾语的动词有give / show / bring / lend / send等，这些词与介词to搭配;buy / make / draw等，这些词与介词for搭配。

2.动词短语的被动语态

许多不及物动词加上介词或副词后构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时不能把短语动词分开，也不能漏掉短语动词中的介词或副词。 如：

① We should speak to old men politely .→Old men should be spoken to politely .

② He always takes care of his sister .→His sister is always taken care of (by him).

③ She turned off the radio .→The radio was turned off (by her).

3. 省略的to动词不定式用于被动语态

在主动语态中，一些表示感官或使役的动词，如hear / watch / see / feel / notice / listen to / look at / let /make / have和help等后面的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，但句子在变为被动语态后要加to。如：

① He made the girl stay at home .→The girl was made to stay at home .

② We often hear her sing in the room .→She is often heard to sing in the room .

③ The boss made them work for 16 hours a day .→They were made to work for 16 hours a day (by the boss).

4. 主动形式表被动意义

① 动词need，want以及短语be(well)worth等后面常接动名词，以主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The room needs cleaning .这房子需要打扫。 The piece of music is worth listening to .这首曲子值得听。

② 某些表示主语质地、自身特征的动词，如write / wash / sell / clean / cook等，常和副词well或easily连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The cloth washes easily .这种布容易洗。 The pen writes well .这支笔很好用。

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