Who Is More Useful?

Once upon a time there were quarrels among the letters .

One day letter A asked letter C a question :

“Who is useful , I or you?”

Letter C answered at once , “Of course , I am more useful than you . ”

“No , I don't think so . I think I am more useful . I am the first letter in a dictionary . ”said letter A .

“No , ”said letter C , “in the word ‘dictionary’ , I am the third letter , and you are behind me , the eighth one . How can you be more useful than I am?”

“Let's go and ask letter T . Maybe he will answer this question . ”

But letter T said , “I think I am more useful than either of you . Because in the word ‘letter’ I appear twice . While there is neither of you . Do you understand? How can you two be more useful?”

“But , ”said letter A , “in the word ‘again’ , I appear twice , too . ”

“In the word ‘cock’ , I also appear twice , ”said letter C . Then he asked letter T , “Where are you in this word? Do you appear even once in it?”

Letter T could not open his mouth , so he said nothing .

At last they heard the dictionary say , “Don't quarrel with each other . I think each letter has his function . We are all part of one big family . So let's do our work together , shall we?”

1 . Why were there quarrels among the letters? Because _____

A . letter A is the first one in the vocabulary , he is more useful .

B . letter C doesn't appear in the word “again” .

C . letter T appears twice in the word “letter” .

D . each letter said that he was more useful .

2 . Letter T said that he _____ when he met letter A and C .

A . was more useful than all of them

B . letter C doesn't appear in the word “again”

C . letter T appears twice in the word “letter”

D . each letter said that he was more useful .

2 . Letter T said that he _____ when he met letter A and C .

A . was more useful than all of them

B . was as useful as both of them

C . was more useful than either of them

D . was so useful that many words needed him

3 . The dictionary asked _____

A . one letter to quarrel with another .

B . those letters to stop to quarrel .

C . those letters to form a big family .

D . every letter to work together with the others because each of them has his own function .

4 . How about the dictionary's words?

A . Fine . B . Bad . C . Just so - so . D . Not so good .

赏析：这个小故事说明：只强调个人的作用不可取，只有大家齐心协力，才能发挥更大的作用，取得更大的成就。1 . D . 字母间发生争吵，是因为每个字母都自认为自己比别人更有用。2 . C . 本题考查 all of , both of 和 either of 的用法，及 more that , as + 形容词 ( 副词 ) + as 的区别等。D是错的，因为 T 并没有那样讲。3 . D . 说明个体只有和群众在一起，才能发挥自己的作用。4 . A . 词典之所以是词典，就因为它是集体智慧和合作的结晶，所以它的话是金玉良言。

【思维体操】

在一般情况下，汉英词序基本是一致的，但是，由于两种语言的表达习惯不同和东西方文化的差异，在汉英翻译中往往会出现词序错位的现象。请你对英语思考后，译成恰当的汉语。

1. food and clothing 2. track and field 3. northwest 4. young and old 5. sooner or later 6. land and water 7. you and I 8. back and forth 9. heavy and light 10. old and new 11. right and left 12. heat and cold 13. fire and water 14. rain or shine 15. rich and poor 16. eat and drink 17. long and thin 18. sweat and blood 19. back and belly 20. bed and board 21. flesh and blood 22. joy and sorrow 23. iron and steel 24. water and mountain 25. short and long 26. arms and hands 27. life and death 28. baby boy 29. ourselves and the enemy 30. hard and soft 31. chemistry and physics 32. loss and gain 33. month and year 34. East China 35. here and now 36. bride and bridegroom 37. art and science 38. north , south , east and west 39. twos and threes 40. small and medium sizes

答案：1、衣食 2、田径 3、西北 4、老少 5、迟早 6、水陆 7、我你 8、前后 9、轻重 10、新旧 11、左右 12、冷热 13、水火 14、晴雨 15、贫富 16、饮食 17、细长 18、血汗 19、腹背 20、膳宿 21、血肉 22、悲欢 23、钢铁 24、山水 25、长短 26. 手臂 27、死活 28、男婴 29、敌我 30、软硬 31、理化 32、增损 33、年月 34、华东 35、此时此地 36、新郎新娘 37、科学艺术 38、东南西北 39、三三两两 40、中小型

三、智能显示

【心中有数】

单元语法发散思维

非谓语作定语的区别

动名词、分词和不定式都能作定语，它们在用法上区别如下：

※ 动名词作定语只表示被修饰词的用途，不定式作定语通常表示未来的动作或含情态意味，现在分词作定语表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态，过去分词表示已经完成的动作或无时间性的行为。

This is a sleeping car . (动名词作定语表示用途，它可转换为：This is a car for sleeping . )

A sleeping child is in the room . (现在分词的主动形式作定语表示一个正在进行的动作，它可转换成：A child who is sleeping is in the room . )

The bike being repaired now is mine . (现在分词的被动形式，表示正在进行的动作，它可转换成：The bike which is being repaired now is mine . )

I'm not sure which is the road leading to the hospital . (现在分词短语不表示正在进行的动作而表示存在的状态，它可转换成：I'm not sure which is the road that leads to the hospital . )

The fallen leaves . (过去分词表示一个完成的动作，The leaves that have fallen . )

I have two letters to write . (不定式表示将来的动作)

※ 不定式作定语，一般只能放在被修饰词之后，分词作定语即可放在被修饰词之前，也可以放在被修饰词之后;通常单个的词放前，短语放在后，现在分词的被动形式放后。例如：

I have a friend living in London . (短语)

China belongs to the developing country . (单个的词)

The building being built now is a hospital . (现在分词的被动式)

The man dressed in a new suit is our manager . (短语)

Only by practice will you be able to improve your spoken English . (单个的词)

Mary needs a dictionary to refer to . (不定式)

※ 分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。若被修饰的名词与分词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的执行者，则用现在分词，若是被动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的承受者，可用现在分词的被动式或过去分词。它们俩主要从时间上区别，现在分词被动式表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示完成的动作或无时间性，只表被动关系。例如：

There is a river running around our school . (主动关系)

The watch being repaired now is hers . (被动关系，正在进行的动作)

He is an English teacher liked by all his students . (表被动关系)

Japan is a developed country . (表完成，表被动)

※ 心理反应状态动词，如：excite , fright , move , tire , interest , puzzle , disappoint 等，同现在分词作定语，表示“令人……”，被修饰的词通常是物，用过去分词作定语，被修饰的词通常是人。例如：

What disappointing news it is!

Don't make fun of the frightened child .

注意：puzzling expression “令人迷惑的表情”;puzzled expression (本身)迷惑的表情。

※ 下列情况下常用不定式作定语。

1 . 在被修饰的词前有形容词最高级、序数词以及 the last , the only , the next 等后作定语的时候，只能用不定式作定语。例如：

He is always the first to come .

The next man to come was Tom .

This is the largest ship to be serving as a seaside hotel in our country .

2 . have +宾语的句型中，常用不定式作定语。例如：

I have a lot of questions to ask .

He has nothing to worry about .

3 . 在 way , pleasure , chance , plan 等名词后常用不定式或 of +动名词，但在 ability , failure , promise 后只能用不定式。例如：

I had no chance to speak (或 of speaking) to him .

His failure to pass the exam surprised us .

4 . 表示未来的动作。例如：

He has two letters to write .

5 . 与被修饰的词有同位、动状关系的通常只能用不定式作定语。例如：

I have the ability to speak a foreign language . (同位关系)

I'm not sure which restaurant to eat at .

A good place to eat at is the Peace Restaurant .

【动脑动手】

单元能力立体检测

典型“语义重复现象”错误例析

1 . 汤姆吃完早饭急急忙忙去上学。

[误]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to go to school .

[正]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to school .

[析]hurry(=move quickly)本身含有“走”之意，后面不可再接go, walk , run之类的动词，但可接动词不定式或名词。 例如：We have to hurry away to catch the bus . She hurried to the station .

2 . 我们应当全心全意为人民服务。

[误]We should serve for the people heart and soul .

[正]We should serve the people heart and soul .

[正]We should work for the people heart and soul .

[析]serve本身有“work for(为……服务)”之意。作及物动词用时， 后面不可再接介词for。

3 . 战争结束以后，她成了一名教师。

[误]After the end of the war, she became a teacher .

[正]After the war, she became a teacher .

[析]句中after是介词，有“在……以后”的意思;end是名词，意思是“结束”，用了after，就不可再用end。

4 . 只要校长一回来，我就立刻告诉你。

[误]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know at once .

[正]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know .

[析]as soon as有“立刻”之意，从句中用了as soon as，主句中就不能再用at once, immediately, right away, right now之类的词了。

5 . 这是一部极好的词典。

[误]This is a very excellent dictionary .

[正]This is an excellent dictionary .

[析]excellent, wonderful等词含有“极好的(extremely good)”之意，不能用very修饰。再如：This is a wonderful film .

6 . 大家都非常喜欢这个小男孩。

[误]Everyone all likes the little boy very much .

[正]Everyone likes the little boy very much .

[析]everyone有“每个人，大家”的意思，用了everyone或everybody， 不就必再用all了。

7.这男孩名叫杨洋。

[误]The name of the boy is called Yang yang .

[正]The name of the boy is Yang yang .

[析]name与be called不能同时使用，因为name与be called在语义上是重复的。我们通常说：My name is Li Biao . 但不能说：My name is called Li Biao .

8 . 踢足球是我最喜爱的运动。

[误]Playing football is my most favourite sport .

[正]Playing football is my favourite sport .

[析]favourite本身有“最喜爱(like best)”之意，前面不必再用most修饰了。如：My favourite hobby is collecting stamps .

9 . 如果你知道这个答案，就举手。

[误]Raise your hand up if you know the answer .

[正]Raise your hand if you know the answer .

[正]Put your hand if you know the answer .

[析]raise有“举起”之意，后面不必再加up，它与put up同义。

10 . 请把这个句子再重复一遍。

[误]Please repeat the sentence again .

[正]Please repeat the sentence .

[正]Please say the sentence again .

[析]repeat本身有“say or do sth . again”之意，用了repeat，就不必再用again了，但可说：Say it again .

11 . 你们应当把试卷保管好。

[误]You should take good care of your papers carefully .

[正]You should take good care of your papers .

[析] take good care of 有“认真保管好”之意， 后面不要再用副词carefully .

12 . 你喜欢喝茶还是喜欢咖啡?

[误]Which do you prefer more, tea or coffee?

[正]Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

[正]Which do you like better, tea or coffee?

[析]prefer本身有“较喜欢(like better)”之意，如果句中用了prefer， 一般不再用more了。

【创新园地】

说明：假如你是班长，你们系在布告牌上出了一个学术讲座的英文书面通知，请你将其内容以口头通知的形式告诉全班同学。词数：80—120

A LECTURE

Speaker : Prof . J . M . Collins .

Subject : Modern Methods of English teaching

Time : July 8 , 1997 , at 2 : 00 p . m .

Place : Lecture Hall 2 English Department Office

(请同学们写好后把答案反馈给我们)

【创新园地】答案：

Dear Classmates ,

May I have your attention , please! I have an announcement to make . Our department office has put up a notice on the bulletin board . The notice tells us that Professor J . M . Collins will give a lecture on Modern Methods of English - teaching . It will be held at 2 : 00 this afternoon on July 8 , 1998 in Lecture Hall 2 . The lecture is of great help to us . I'm sure we can learn a lot from it . Everyone is expected to attend the lecture . Don't miss the good chance . Please get there a little earlier .

That's all . Thank you!