Step V  Group discussion

Answer the questions (Finish exercise 2 on Page 3)

1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?

(John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.)

2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?

(No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.)

3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?

(Two diseases, which are similar today, are SARS and AIDS because they are both serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.)

Step VI  Using the stages for scientific research and write a summary.

Period 2&3  Language focus

Step I  Warming up

1.       characteristic

①      n. a quality or feature of sth. or someone that is typical of them and easy to recongnize.特征;特性

What characteristics distinguish the Americans from the Canadians.

②    a.  very typical of a particular thing or of someone’s characer 典型性的，

Such bluntness is characteristic of him.

Windy days are characteristic of March.

[辨析]characteristic与character找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com

characteristic是可数名词，意为“与众不同的特征“

character表示(个人、集体、民族特有的)“性格、品质”，还意为“人物;文字”

What you know about him isn’t his real character.

2. put forward: to state an idea or opinion, or to suggest a plan or person, for other people to

consider提出

He put forward a new theory.

The foreigners have put forward a proposal for a joint venture.

An interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around Mars has been put forward.

☆ put on穿上;戴上;增加            put out熄灭(灯);扑灭 (火)          put up with…忍受 put down写下来;放下;   put off 耽误; 延期                           put up建立; 建造,

put up举起，搭建，粘贴

3. analyze: to examine or think about something carefully in order to understand it    vt.分析结果、检讨、细察

A computer analyses the photographs sent by the satellite.

The earthquake expert tried to analyze the cause of the earthquake occurred on May 12,2008.

Let’s analyze the problem and see what went wrong.

He analyzed the food and found that it contained poison.

We must try to analyze the causes of the strike.

☆ analysis      n.分析，解析，分解

4. conclude:    decide that sth. is true after considering al the information you have 得出结论;推论出       to end sth. such as a meeting or speech by doing or saying one final thing       vt. & vi结束，终止;

We concluded the meeting at 8 o’clock with a prayer.

From his appearance we may safely conclude that he is a heavy smoker.

What do you conclude from these facts?

We conclude to go out / that we would go out.

conclusion      n.结论

arrive at a conclusion; come to a conclusion; draw a conclusion; reach a conclusion

What conclusion did you come to / reach / draw / arrive at?

From these facts we can draw some conclusions about how the pyramids were built.

Step 2 Reading

1. defeat

① vt. to win a victory over someone in a war, competition, game etc.打败，战胜，使受挫

I’ve tried to solve the problem, but it defeats me!

Our team defeated theirs in the game.

② n.失败，输       failure to win or succeed

This means admitting defeat.

They have got six victories and two defeats.

[辨析]win, beat与defeat

① win “赢得”赛事、战事、某物;后接人时，意为“争取赢得…的好感或支持;说服”

② beat “战胜”“击败”比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换

We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.

They won the battle but lost many men.

The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.

I can easily beat /defeat him at golf.

He is training hard to win the race and realize his dream of becoming a champion at the 2008 Olympic Games.

2. expert

①   n.    someone who has a special skill or special knowledge of a subject专家，能手

an expert in psychology        an agricultural expert

② a.              having special skill or special knowledge of a subject熟练的，有专门技术的

an expert rider        an expert job需专门知识的工作

He is expert in / at cooking. 找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com

3. attend  vt. &vi 参加，注意，照料

① be present at参加attend a ceremony / lecture / a movie / school / class / a meeting

I shall be attending the meeting.

Please let me know if you are unable to attend the conference.

② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顾，看护

The queen had a good doctor attending on her.

Dr Smith attended her in hospital. 治疗

Are you being attended to?接待

Mother had to attend to her sick son.

③ attend to处理，注意倾听              attend to the matter

A nurse attends to his needs.

Can you attend to the matter immediately?

I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.

Excuse me, but I have an urgent matter to attend to.

[辨析]attend, join, join in与take part in

①     attend指参加会议、上课、上学、听报告等

②     join 指加入某组织、团体，成为其中一员

③     join in指加入某种活动;表示与某人一起做某事join sb. in sth.

④     take part in指参加正式的、有组织的活动，切在活动中起积极作用

Only 2 people attended the meeting.

He joined the Communist Youth League in 2007.

Will you join us in the game?

We often tale part in the after-class activities.

4. expose : to show sth. that is usually covered暴露

expose sth. to the light of day  把某事暴露于光天化日之下

I threatened to expose him ( to the police). 我威胁要(向警察)揭发他.

He exposed his skin to the sun.他把皮肤暴露在阳光下.

The old man was left exposed to wind and rain.

When he smiled he exposed a set of perfect white teeth.

5. cure    vt. & n. to make someone who is ill well agian治疗,痊愈

When I left the hospital I was completely cured.

①cure sb of a disease

When you have a pain in your shoulders, you will go to see a doctor. The doctor will cure you.

The only way to cure backache is to rest.

He will cure the pain in your shoulders

When I left the hospital I was completely cured.

The illness cannot be cured easily.

Although the boy was beyond cure, his parents tried to cure him of bad habits.

②a cure for a disease

Aspirin is said to be a wonderful cure for the pain.

There is still no cure for the common cold.

Is there a certain cure for cancer yet?

③a cure for sth.: to remove a problem, or improve a bad situation解决问题，改善困境

The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.

[辨析]cure与treat

①     cure主要指痊愈，强调的是结果

②     treat强调治疗过程，指通过药物、特别的食品或运动治疗病人或疾病，不强调结果。

They cured me of my influenza.

They treated me with a new drug.

6. control              vt.& n.

①         vt.： to have power over, rule, direct 控制，支配，管理

He cannot control his feelings / anger. 找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com

You are trying to control me as though I were your slave.

The government tries its best to control prices.

②         be under the control of…; be in control of;

take/gain control of ;

get / be out of control;  lose control of; beyond control

George took /gained control of the business after his father died.

The car went out of control and crashed into the pole.

the head in control of the country

The driver lost control of his car and it knocked into a tree.

Mr. Brown is in control of the shop. / The shop is in the control of Mr. Brown.

This money is under control of Mr Brown.

Who’s in control of the project?

The fire has been brought under control.